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the revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional religious beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries.
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| Guelf and Ghibelline factions- |
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the growth of Italian cities and urban culture was assisted by the endemic warfare between the emperor and the pope and the Geul (propapal) and Ghilbelline (proimperial) factions that this warfare created. They weakened one another and strengthened the merchant oligarchies of the cities.
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| - an Italian city-state ruled by a successful merchant oligarchy with power located in a patrician senate of 300 members and a ruthless judicial body, the Council of Ten, which anticipated and suppressed rival groups |
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| a peasant revolt in Florence, Italy that was a result of the feuding between the old and new rich, the social anarchy that resulted from the Black death, and the collapse of the banking houses of Bardi and Paruzzi. The successful revolt established a chaotic 4-year reign if power by the lower-Florentine class. |
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| the wealthiest Florentine in his time. He controlled the city internally from behind the scenes, skillfully manipulating the constitution and influencing elections. Through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, he was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signora. As head of the Office of Public Debt, he was able to favor congenial factions. |
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Cosimo de’ Medici’s grandson. He ruled Florence in almost totalitarian fashion during the last quarter of the 15th century. The assassination of his brother in 1478 by a rival family, the Pazzi, who plotted with the pope against Medici rule, made Lorenzo a cautious and determined ruler.
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military brokers that provided mercenary armies to Italian despots.
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in Milan, this family came to power as despots in 1278. They ruled without constitutional restraints or serious political competition.
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in Milan, this family came to power as despots in 1450. They ruled without constitutional restraints or serious political competition.
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| the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states. Its origins are traced to the Italian city-states during the Renaissance. |
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| the scholarly study of Latin and Greek classics and of ancient Church Fathers both for its own sake and in the hope of a rebirth of ancient norms and values. Humanists advocated the studia humanitatis, a liberal art’s program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy |
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| humanists advocated the studia humanitatis, a liberal art’s program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy. These subjects were considered a joy in themselves and were seen as celebrating the dignity of humankind and preparing people for a life of virtuous action. |
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| Florentine humanist who first gave the name humanitas or “humanity” to the learning that resulted from the scholarly pursuits of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy. He was a student of Manuel Chrysoloras |
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| a Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to a generation of young Italian humanists when he taught at Florence between 1397 and 1403. |
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the “father of humanism”. He trained in law at Bologna but realized that he enjoyed poetry more. He was the first to write original works in classical literary Latin instead of church Latin. He is known for his sonnets.
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| Petrach’s famous near-contemporary. His Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy form, along with Petrach’s sonnets, the cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature. |
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| Dante Alighieri’s work that helps to form the modern Italian vernacular. It is an expression of medieval courtly love. |
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| Dante Alighieri’s work that forms the cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature. It describes the medieval belief in hell heaven and purgatory as it follows the pilgrim Dante along his journey through these places guided by the Ancient Roman poet Virgil and then by his love Beatrice in heaven. |
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| Petrach’s student and friend who pioneered in Humanism. He’s famous for his Decameron and for being an avid collector of manuscripts, assembling an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology. |
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| Boccaccio’s work that include 100 often bawdy tales told by 3 men and 7 women in a country retreat from the Plague. It’s a stinging social commentary (especially in its expose of sexual and economic misconduct) and a sympathetic look at human behavior. |
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famous humanist, count, courtier, soldier, and italian diplomat who wrote the Book of the Courtier.
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| written by Baldassare Castiglione as a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino. It embodies the highest ideals of Italian humanism. It depicts the successful courtier as one who knew how to integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history with athletic, military, and musical skills while at the same time practicing good manners and exhibiting a high moral character |
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the Italian-born daughter of the physician and astrologer of king Charles V, she received as fine an education at the French court as anyone could have. She became an expert in classical, French, and Italian languages and literature. Her most famous work is The Treasure of the City of Ladies.
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| Christine de Pisan’s most famous work that chronicled the accomplishments of the great women of history. |
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| Council of Ferrara-Florence |
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| the ecumenical council that was held to negotiate the reunion of the Eastern and Western churches. It opened the door for many Greek scholars and manuscripts to enter the west. |
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| Florentine Platonic Academy |
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| an informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists devoted to the revival of the works of Plato and the Neoplatonists. |
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| a supervisor of the Florentine Platonic academy. Ficino edited and published the complete works of Plato. |
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a supervisor of the Florentine Platonic academy. He wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man.
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philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models.
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| Oration on the Dignity of Man |
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| perhaps the most famous Renaissance statement on the nature of humankind. Pico wrote the Oration as an introduction to a pretentious collection of 900 theses. the theses were intended to serve as the basis for a public debate on all of life’s important topics. The Oration drew on the Platonic teaching to depict humans as the only creatures in the world who possessed the ability to be whatever they chose, able at will to rise to the height of angels or descend to the level of pigs. |
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| daring Humanist who offered corrections of St. George’s Latin translation of the Bible and, despite being Catholic, exposed the Donation of Constantine as being a fraudulent document. |
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education designed to promote humanist leadership of political and cultural life.
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a chancellor of civic humanism who used his rhetorical skills to rally the Florentines against the aggression of Naples and Milan.
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| an accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect and builder in Florence. |
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a painting technique perfected during the Renaissance that consisted of using shading to enhance the naturalness of a painting.
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a painting technique perfected during the Renaissance that consisted of adjusting the size of figures to give the viewer a feeling of continuity with the painting.
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the father of Renaissance painting. Painted a more natural world than his Byzantine and Gothic predecessors. Though still filled with religious seriousness, his work was no longer so abstract and unnatural a depiction of the world.
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| the Renaissance painter who was skilled at recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality. One of the first painters to use linear perspective. |
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the Renaissance painter and sculptor known for portraying the world in a lifelike manner. His most famous sculpture is David.
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more than any other person in the period, he exhibited the Renaissance ideal of the universal person. He was one of the greatest painters of all time, a military engineer for Ludovico il Moro in Milan, Cesare Borgia in Romagna, and the French king Francis I. He advocated scientific experimentation, dissected corpses to learn anatomy and physiology, and was an accomplished, self-taught botanist.
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a man of great sensitivity and kindness, who was loved by contemporaries as much for his person as for his work. He is famous for his tender madonnas and for his fresco The School of Athens.
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| Raphael’s fresco. It’s a grandly conceived portrayal of the great masters of Western philosophy, and art historians praise it as a virtually perfect portrayal of Renaissance technique. |
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| sculpted David and painted the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. His later works are more complex and suggest deep personal changes. They marked, artistically and philosophically, the passing of High Renaissance painting and the advent of a new style called mannerism. |
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a style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own “manner” or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance.
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