Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| The glandular part of the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin) |
|
Definition
| Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels. |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting in infants. It is characterized by mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature and abnormal bone formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of glucocorticoid by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure. It can be caused by a tumor (then is called a disease) or most often, by the clinical administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoid drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also called adrenaline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone that stimulates female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone formed by alpa cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. One sees thyroid enlargement, listlessness, and weight gain. Thyroxine production slows because iodine is not available. In an attempt to increase thyroxine, the thyroid enlarges. |
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropin Hormone (FSH & LH) |
|
Definition
| Regulate the function of the gonads (ovaries & testes) & produced by the anterior pituitary. In both sexes, FSH stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production and LH promotes production of gonadal hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone that stimulates growth in general and metabolic actions; produced by cells called somatotrophs in anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH); major targets are bones and skeletal muscles; promotes protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steroidal or amino-acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland. Symptoms include a low metabolic rate; felling chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness (but not mental retardation). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation. |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic islets of Langerhans |
|
Definition
| Tiny cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones. These contain 2 major populations of hormone-producing cells, the glucagon-synthesizing alpha cells and the more numerous insulin-producing beta cells. |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
Protein hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level. Release is triggered by falling blood Ca 2+ levels and inhibited by rising blood Ca 2+ levels. 3 target organs: the skeleton, the kidneys & the intestine.
Stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorption of Ca 2+ by kidneys & promotes activation of vitamin D, thereby increasing absorption of Ca 2+ from food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone-secreting part of the diencephalon of the brain through to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive thirst stimulated by the hypothalamic thirst centers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Refers to excessive hunger and food consumption, a sign that the person is "starving in the land of plenty." Although plenty of glucose is available, it cannot be used and the body starts to utilize its fat and protein stores for energy metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive glucose in the kidney filtrate acts as an osmotic diuretic, resulting in a huge urin output that leads to decreased blood volume and dehydration. Serious electrolyte losses also occur as the body rids itself of excess ketone bodies, which are negatively charged and carry positive ions out with them. As a result, Na+ and K+ are also lost from the body. |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) |
|
Definition
| Portion of the gland derived from the brain; includes the infundibulum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells that acts locally as a paracrine. |
|
|
Term
| Renin-Angiotensin Pathway |
|
Definition
| 1st of 4 mechanisms regulating aldosterone secretion; influences both blood volume and blood pressure by regulating the release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ and water reabsorption by the kidneys. Specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys become excited when blood pressure (or blood volume) declines.; ultimately involved in raising blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production. |
|
|
Term
| Thymosin, Thymulin, Thymoproteins |
|
Definition
| families for peptide hormones secreted by Thymic epithelial cells. These hormones are though to be involved in the normal development of T lymphocytes and the immune response, but their roles are not well understood. The mainly act locally as paracrines. |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iodine-containing hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Adenohypophysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Adrenal Gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Thyroid Gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Pineal Gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine; prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embryonic membrane; its blood vessels develop into blood vessels of the umbilical cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outermost fetal membrane; helps form the placenta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developmental stage extending from fertilization to the end of the eighth week. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the male duct system in which sperm mature. Empties into the duct (or vas) deferens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developmental stage extending from the 9th week of development to birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finger-like projections that drape over the ovary. Around the time of ovulation these stiffen and sweep the ovarian surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary reproductive organ; i.e., the testis of the male or the ovary of the female. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of 4 haploid (n) cells; occurs only incertain reproductive organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mulberry-like solid mass of blastomeres resulting from cleavage in the early conceptus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Culmination of pregnancy; giving birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid mixture containing sperm and secretions of the male accessory reproductive glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly convoluted tubes within the testes; form sperm. |
|
|
Term
| Vesicular (Graffian) follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produce male gametes (sperm) and testosterone |
|
Definition
| What are the 2 major functions of the testes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the tubular structures are the sperm "factories"? |
|
|
Term
| allows penis to become stiff so that it may more efficiently enter the female to deliver sperm. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the erectile tissue of the penis? |
|
|
Term
| ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra |
|
Definition
| Name the organs of the male duct system in order, from the epididymis to the body exterior. |
|
|
Term
| to pass nutrients to the sperm and absorb excess testicular fluid |
|
Definition
| What are two functions of the sterocilia on the epididymal epithelium? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which accessory organ of the male duct system runs from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which glandular accessory organ produces the larges proportion of semen? |
|
|
Term
| sperm plus the secretions of the male accessory glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stiffening of the penis & parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
|
Definition
| What is erection and what division of the ANS regulates it? |
|
|
Term
| the period of muscular and psychological relaxation that follows orgasm; reduces blood flow to penis & activates small muscles that force blood out of the penis. |
|
Definition
| What occurs during resolution and what is the result? |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis reduces the chromosomal count from 2n to n and introduces variability. |
|
Definition
| How is the final product of meiosis different from that of mitosis? |
|
|
Term
| The sperm head is the compacted DNA-containing nucleus. The acrosome that caps the head is a lysosome-like sac of enzymes. The midpiece contains the energy-producing mitochondria. The tail fashioned by a centriole is the propulsive structure. |
|
Definition
| Describe the major structural and functional regions of a sperm. |
|
|
Term
| the hormonal interrelationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads that regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by prompting the sustentacular cells to secrete androgen-binding protein. Androgen-binding protein keeps the concentration of testosterone high in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells, which directly stimulates spermatogenesis. |
|
Definition
| How does FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| appearance of pubic, axillary and facial hari, deepening of the voice, increased oiliness of the skin, and increased size (length and mass) of the bones and skeletal muscles. |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 secondary sex characteristics promoted by testosterone? |
|
|
Term
| ovaries & duct system (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina) |
|
Definition
| What are the internal genitalia in females? |
|
|
Term
| produce female gametes and secrete female sex hormones (estrogens & progesterone) |
|
Definition
| What 2 roles do the ovaries assume? |
|
|
Term
| Primary follicle has one layer of cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the oocyte; a secondary follicle has more than one layer and small fluid-filled spaces form between follicle cells; a vesicular follicle has several layers of follicle cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (antrum) that pushes the oocyte to one side. |
|
Definition
| How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follicle? From a vesicular follicle? |
|
|
Term
| The duct system is incomplete- there is no physical connection between the ovary and uterine tubes, which are open to the pelvic cavity. In men, the duct is continuous from the testes to the body exterior. |
|
Definition
| Why are women more at risk for PID than men? |
|
|
Term
| The waving action of the fimbriae helps to direct the oocytes into the uterine tube. |
|
Definition
| Oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity and yet women do get pregnant. What action of the uterine tubes helps to direct the oocytes into the woman's duct system? |
|
|
Term
| the uterine tubes; uterus |
|
Definition
| What portion of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization? Which is the "incubator" for fetal development? |
|
|
Term
| greater vestibular glands |
|
Definition
| What is the female homologue of the bulbourethral glands of males? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developmentally, mammary glands are modifications of certain skin glands. Which type? |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells of the smallest ducts. |
|
Definition
| From what cell types does breast cancer usually arise? |
|
|
Term
| The products of meiosis in females are 3 polar bodies (tiny haploid cells w/essentially no cytoplasm) and 1 haploid ovum (functional gamete). Meiosis in males yields 4 functional gametes, the haploid sperm. |
|
Definition
| How do haploid cells arising from oogenesis differ structurally and functionally from those arising from spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| the ovulated follicle develops into a corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone (and some estrogen). |
|
Definition
| What occurs in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What hormone plays an important role in "letting the brain know" that puberty may occur in girls? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What gonadal hormone exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary that results in a burstlike release of LH? |
|
|
Term
| Amino acid based & steroids; steroids; thyroid hormone (TH) |
|
Definition
| Name the two major chemical classes of hormones. Which class consists entirely of lipid-soluble hormones? Name the only hormone in the other chemical class that is lipid-soluble. |
|
|
Term
| humoral, neural & hormonal |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 types of stimuli that control hormone release? |
|
|
Term
LH & FSH- gonads
TSH- thyroid
ACTH- adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| List the 4 anterior pituitary hormones that are tropic and name their target glands. |
|
|
Term
| increases basal metabolic rate |
|
Definition
| What is the major effect of TH? |
|
|
Term
| increases blood Ca2+ levels in a variety of ways |
|
Definition
| What is the major effect of PTH? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the major effect of calcitonin? |
|
|
Term
| thyroid follicle cells; chief cells; parafollicular cells |
|
Definition
| What cells release TH? PTH? Calcitonin? |
|
|
Term
| DM is due to a lack of insulin production or action, whereas DI is due to a lack of ADH. Both conditions are characterized by production of copious amounts of urine. You would find glucose in the urine of a patient with DM, but not in that of DI. |
|
Definition
| Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are both due to lack of a hormone. Which hormone causes which? What symptom do they have in common? What would you find in the urine of a patient with one and not the other? |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP); decreases blood volume & pressure by increasing the kidney's production of salty urine. |
|
Definition
| What hormone does the heart produce and what is it's function? |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D3 increases intestinal absorption of calcium. |
|
Definition
| What is the function of the hormone produced by the skin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the elderly, the decline in levels of which hormone is associated with muscle atrophy? With osteoporosis in women? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major systemic artery; arises from the left ventricle of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valve that prevents backflow into the atrium when the connected ventricle is contracting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between blood and tissue cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced hemoglobin after oxygen has been released from the iron |
|
|
Term
Plasma- 55%
Buffy Coat (leukocytes & platelets)- less than 1%
Erythrocytes- 45% |
|
Definition
| Blood components by percentage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are relaxing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnostic test to determine relative proportion of individual leukocyte types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (blood clot, fatty mass, bubble of air and/or other debris) floating in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the visceral, or external, layer of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular portion of blood-platelets, wbc & rbc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythrocytes rupture, or lyse, prematurely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term loosley applied to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that exhibit similar signs and symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circulation in which the hepatic portal vein carries dissolved nutrients to the liver tissues for processing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vein that returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the number of leukocytes; usually the result of a microbiological attack on the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agranular WBC that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double-layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormally high number of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma protein that activates the enzyme thrombin via the prothrombin activator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in the lungs; ie, pulmonary arteries, capillaries and veins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues for gas exchange in those tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified ventricular muscle fibers of the conduction system of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valves that prevent blood return to the ventricles after contraction; aortic and pulmonary valves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amber-colored fluid that exudes from clotted blood as the clot shrinks; plasma without clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized myocardial cells in the wall of the right atrium; the pacemaker of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vein that returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period when either the ventricles or the atria are contracting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogin to fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right atrioventricular valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessel that returns blood toward the heart from circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired, inferiorly located heart chambers that function as the major blood pumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the normal hematocrit value? |
|
|
Term
1. Prevent blood loss via clotting.
2. Prevent infection because it contains antimicrobial proteins & WBCs. |
|
Definition
| List 2 protective functions of blood. |
|
|
Term
| No- their presence is required to perform many key functions. |
|
Definition
| Are plasma proteins used as fuel for body cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of O2 can each hemoglobin molecule transport? What part of the hemoglobin binds the O2? |
|
|
Term
| The kidneys' synthesis of erythropoietin is compromised in advanced kidney disease, so RBC production decreases, causing anemia. |
|
Definition
| Patients w/advanced kidney disease often have anemia. Why? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which WBCs turn into macrophages in tissues? Which other WBC is a voracious phagocyte? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second major controlling system of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical substance liberated into the blood, which alters "target cells" metabolism in a specific manner; arouse the body's tissues and cells by stimulating changes in their metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids |
|
|
Term
| Mixed (endocrine & exocrine) Glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tropic Hormones (definition) |
|
Definition
| stimulates its target organ, which is also an endocrine gland, to secrete its hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
|
Definition
| regulate gamete production and homronal activity of the gonads |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| regulates endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
| influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining body size. It affects many tissues of the body; however, its major effects are exerted on the growth of muscle and the long bones of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results of hyposecretion of GH |
|
|
Term
| Acromegaly in adults or Gigantism in children |
|
Definition
| results of hypersecretion of GH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth; may stimulate testosterone production in males. |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
| FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and coitus and also causes milk ejection in the lactating mother. |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate, thereby reducing urine output and conserving body water; also plays a minor role in increasing blood pressure because of its vasoconstrictor effect on the arterioles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of hyposecretion of ADH and causes dehydration from excessive urine output & insatiable thirst. |
|
|
Term
| Edema, headache & disorientation |
|
Definition
| results from hypersecretion of ADH. |
|
|
Term
| Hormones of the Thryroid Gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of two lobes joined by a central mass, or isthmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T4 (thyroxine) & T3 (tridiothyronine)primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation; affects virtually every cell in the body
T4 is really the main hormone here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of hyposecretion of thyroxine (T4) which leads to mental and physical sluggishness |
|
|
Term
| elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, weight loss, sweating and irregular heartbeat |
|
Definition
| result of hypersecretion of thyroxine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposits in the bones; acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone. |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
| the most important regulator of calcium balance in the blood; when blood CA+ levels decrease below a certain level, this is released, which causes the release of calcium from bone matrix and prods the kidney to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate from the filtrate; also stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of hyposecretion of PTH; increases neural excitability and prolonged muscle spasms that can result in respiratory paralysis and death. |
|
|
Term
| loss of calcium from bones, causing defomation, softening and spontaneous fractures |
|
Definition
| results of hypersecretion of PTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine & epinephrine |
|
Definition
| act in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to elicit the fight or flight response to stressors |
|
|
Term
| 3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), gloucocorticoids (cortisone, hydrocortisone & cortocosterone), gonadocroticoids (androgens & estrogens) |
|
|
Term
| Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone |
|
Definition
| regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubules |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids (cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone) |
|
Definition
| enable the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids produces abnormal hairiness and masculization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced in pancreas and is stimulated by elevated blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyposecretion of insulin or some deficiency in the insulin receptors leads to this and is characterized by the inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of insulin causes low blood sugar- symptoms include anxiety, nervousness, tremors and weakness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts antagonistically to insulin; its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels and its action is basically hyperglycemic; it stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release the glucose to the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resoponsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty (primarily maturation of the reproductive organs and development of the breasts) and act with progesterone to brin about cyclic changes of the uterine lining that occur during the menstrual cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; during pregnancy it maintains the uterine musculature in a quiescent state and helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, brings about the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, and is responsible for the sexual drive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilobed gland sin the superior thorax, begins to atrophy at puberty and by old age is relatively inconspicuous; produces thymosin and thymopoietin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help direct the maturation and specialization of a unique population of white blood cells called T lymphocytes, or T cells. T cells are responsible for the cellular immunity aspect of body defense; that is, rejection of foreign grafts, tumors or virus-infected cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced in the pineal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spherical sacs, found in the thyroid gland, containing a pink-stained material (colloid). Stored T3 & T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the folligles as THYROIDGLOBULIN and are released gradually to the blood.
These are surrounded by purple staining follicle cells that synthesize the follicular products. The PARAFOLLICULAR, or C, Cells you see btween the follicles are responsible for calcitonin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH); small and abundant & arranged in thick branching cords. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in parathyroid gland; function unknown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans); stain red; produce glucagon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans); stain gray-blue; synthesize insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in anterior pituitary gland; stain reddish brown; produce growth hormone & prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in anterior pituitary gland; stain deep blue; produce tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH & LH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in anterior pituitary gland; do not stain and appear rather dull & colorless; role is controversial, but they apparently are not directly involved in hormone production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the posterior pituitary; glial cells which are randomly distributed among the nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the adrenal gland, where most mineralocorticoid production occurs and where tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical clusters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deeper intermediate layer of the adrenal gland, which produces glucocorticoids. This is the thickest part of the cortex and its cells are arranged in parallel cords. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost cortical layer of the adrenal gland, abutting the medulla, which produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids; cells stain intensely and forma a branching network. |
|
|
Term
| 2 major molecular groups which hormones belong to |
|
Definition
| amino acid- based molecules and the steroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organ which responds to a particular hormone in a specific way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found close to the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mixed gland , located close to the stomach and small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired glands suspended in the scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the pelvic cavity of the female; concerned with ova and female hormone production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the roof of the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programming of T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
calcitonin from parathyroid gland
and
PTH from thrydoid gland |
|
Definition
| regulate blood calcium levels |
|
|
Term
epinephrine from adrenal medulla
and
cortisone from adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| released in response to stressors |
|
|
Term
estrogens from ovaries
and
testosterone from testes |
|
Definition
| drive development of secondary sexual characteristics |
|
|
Term
| ACTH, FSH, TSH and LH from anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| regulate the function of another endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| epinephrine from adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
| mimics the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| glucagon & insulin from the pancreas |
|
Definition
| regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland |
|
|
Term
| estrogens & progesterone from ovaries |
|
Definition
| directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
ADH from hypothalamus
aldosterone from adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| maintenance of salt and water balance in the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
oxytocin from posterior pituitary
prolactin from anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| directly involved in milk production and ejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by the nervous system (neurotransmitters or neurosecretions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by humoral factors (concentration of specific non hormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by humoral factors (concentration of specific non hormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by the nervous system (neurotransmitters or neurosecretions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by humoral factors (concentration of specific non hormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by the nervous system (neurotransmitters or neurosecretions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate amounts of PTH |
|
|
Term
| excessive diuresis w/o high blood gluclose levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of glucose in the urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormally small stature, normal proportions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low BMR, mental and physical sluggishness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large hands and feet in the adult, large facial bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the zona fasciculata cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the zona glomerulosa cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the chief cells of the parathyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by the basophil cells of the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a site for immature sperm to complete their maturation process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels & ductus deferens enclosed in a connective tissue sheath |
|
|
Term
| sperm production & testerone production |
|
Definition
| 2 principal functions of the testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| copulatory organ/penetrating device |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports both sperm and urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location of the testis in adult males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose fold of skin encircling the glans penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the urethra between the prostate and the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empties a secretion into the prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empties a secretion into the membranous urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm & the alkaline secretions of the prostate, bulbourthral glands, and seminal vessicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seminiferous tubules-> rete testis-> epididymis-> ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| female external genitalia |
|
Definition
| mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal & urethral openings, hymen, greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of fetal development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "fertilized egg" typically formed here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| becomes erect during sexual excitement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duct extending superolaterally from uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partially closes the vaginal canal; a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces oocytes, estrogens and progesterones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike ends of the uterine tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ejection of an egg (oocyte) from the ovary |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 layers of the uterine wall from the inside out |
|
Definition
| endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the uterine wall contracts during child birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of gamete formation, involving reduction of the chromosome number by half |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| egg and sperm chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the sperm and egg fuse to form a fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| containing 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (total of 46 chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specialized type of nuclear division to produce gametes with the haploid chromosomal number; occurs in the ovaries and testes during gametogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half the number of normal chromosomes as seen in all other body cells (23 non paired chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces 4 haploid daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duplicated homologous chromosomes pair up so that they become closely aligned along their entire length (during meiosis I) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groupings of 4 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when treats form and become attached to the spindle fibers, aligning themselves along the spindle equator. While in synapsis, the "arms" of adjacent homologous chromosomes coil around each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human sperm production; begins at puberty and continues without interruption throughout life; occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive stem cells found at the tubule periphery, divide extensively to build up the stem cell line. Before puberty, all divisions are mitotic divisions that produce more spermatogonia. At puberty, under the influence of FSH secreted by ant. pit. gland, each mitotic division of a spermatogonium produces one spermatogonium and one primary spermatocyte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undergoes meiosis, becoming spermatids
2n->n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid cells that are the result of spermatogenesis and are not functional gametes. They are non motile cells and have too much excess baggage to function well in a reproductive capacity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follows meiosis; strips away the extraneous cytoplasm from the spermatid, converting it to a motile, streamlined sperm. |
|
|
Term
| Sustenticular, or Sertoli, Cells |
|
Definition
| nourish the spermatids as they begin their transformation into sperm |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial Cells (Leydig cells) |
|
Definition
| these cells produce testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| streamilined cell equipped with an organ of locomotion and a high rate of metabolism that enable it to move long distances very quickly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains enzymes involved in sperm penetration of the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled space (central cavity) in the secondary follicle & vesicular follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounding the oocyte (more than one layer of cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one layer of cells surrounding the ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ova before birth, surrounded by squamouslike follicle cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a few layers of cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the larger central developing ovum |
|
|
Term
| Secondary (growing) follicles |
|
Definition
| follicles consisting of several layers of follicle (granulosa) cells surrounding the central developing ovum, and beginning to show evidence of fluid accumulation and antrum formation. This may take more than one cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Vescicular (Graafian) follicle |
|
Definition
| At this stage of development, the follicle has a large antrum containing fluid produced by the granulosa cells. The developing secondary oocyte is pushed to one side of the follicle and is surrounded by a capsule of several layers of granulosa cells called the corona radiata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells surrounding the vesicular follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solid glandular structure or a structure containing a scalloped lumen that develops from the ruptured follicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormonally controlled by estrogens and progesterone secreted by the ovary' divided into 3 stages |
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of Menstrual Cycle |
|
Definition
| menstrual, proliferative, secretory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approximately days 1-5; sloughing off of the thick functional layer of the endometrial lining; accompanied by bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approximately days 6-14; under the influence of estrogens produced by the growing follicle of the ovary; endometrium is repaired; glands & blood vessels proliferate; endometrium thickens; ovulation occurs at the end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Approximately days 15-28; under the influence of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum; vascular supply to the endometrium increases further; glands increase in size & begin to secrete nutrient substances; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| product is 2 diploid daughter cells genetically identical to the mother cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| product is 4 haploid daughter cells quantitatively and qualitatively different from the mother cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involves the phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs throughout the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs only in the ovaries and testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides cells for growth and repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| homologues synapse; chiasmata are seen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides cells for replication of the species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| consists of 2 consecutive nuclear divisions, without chromosomal replication occurring before the second division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid, product of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides nutrients to developing sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid, product of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| haploid, product of spermiogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Spermatogenesis vs. Spermiogensis |
|
Definition
| Formation of haploid gametes by the male & sloughing off excessive cytoplasm to form a motile functional sperm |
|
|
Term
| How many primary oocytes are there once a girl is born? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major hormone produced by the vesicular follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major hormones produced by the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forming part of the primary follicle in the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the uterine tube before fertilization, in the mature vesicular follicle of the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the uterine tube shortly after sperm penetration |
|
|
Term
| The final product of oogenesis? |
|
Definition
| one ovum and 3 polar bodies |
|
|
Term
| Produced by primary follicles in the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ovulation occurs after its burstlike release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone & estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5-6 L in adult Males & 4-5 L in adult females |
|
Definition
| average volume of blood in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classified as a type of connective tissue because it consists of a nonliving fluid matrix in which living cells are suspended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonliving fluid matrix; over 90% water; 55% of whole blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living cells found in blood; 3 different types- eythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets; constitue 45% of whole blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells, anucleate disc, salmon colored; sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of the oxygen carried in the blood; 4-6 million |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells, spherical, nucleated cells; part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system; 4,800-10,800 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function in hemostasis (blood clot formation), discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple; 150k-400k |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water, salts (electrolytes), proteins
substances transported by blood:
nutrients, waste products of metabolism, respiratory gases, hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules; 3,000-7,000
phagocytize bacteria; number increases exponentially during acute infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules; 100-400; kills parasitic worms; destroys antigen-antibody complexes; inactivates some inflammatory chemicals of allergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lobed mucleus; large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules; 20-50; releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contains heparin, an anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclues spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; 1500-3000; mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U-shaped or Kidney-shaped nucleus; gray blue cytoplasm; 100-700; phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Granulocytes, Agranulocytes, Platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to move in and out of blood vessels (leukocytes are able to do this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to wander through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction (leukocytes use this) |
|
|
Term
| List leukocytes in order from the most abundant to the least abundant |
|
Definition
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas-
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormally high WBC count, may indicate bacterial or viral infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, or poisoning by drugs or chemicals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in WBC count (below 4,000/mm3) may indicate typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, or excessive antibiotic or X-ray Tx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets, is detctable not only by a total WBC count but also a differential WBC count. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in number of RBCs, may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes where less oxygen is available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the number of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 100 WBCs are counted and classified according to type; routine in physical exam and in diagnosing illness, since any abnormality or significant elevation in percentages of WBC types may indicate a problem or the source of pathology. |
|
|
Term
| Conducting a Differential WBC Count |
|
Definition
| Percent = #observed/Total #counted (100) x 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Packed Cell Volume (PCV); routinely determined when anemia is suspected
Normal Values-
47(+-7) males
42 (+-5) females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RBC protein responsible for oxygen transport
Heme=iron-containing portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-7 minutes (Ivy Method) or 0-5 minutes (Duke Method); how long bleeding lasts; tests ability of platelets to stop bleeding in capillaries & small vessels |
|
|
Term
| Blood Clotting or Coagulation time |
|
Definition
| a protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are reuptured; normally 2-6 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The injured tissues and platelets release tissue factor (TF) and PF3 respectively, which trigger the clotting mechanism, or cascade.
2. TF & PF interact with other blood protein clotting factors and CA+ to form prothrombin activator, which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin.
3. Thrombin acts enzymatically to polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork of strands that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane.
the factors routinely typed for are antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups which are most commonly involved in transfusion reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins in blood; also called agglutinogens; genetically determined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| react with RBCs bearing different antigens, causing them to be clumped and eventually hemolyzed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- A
Antibodies present in plasma- Anti-B
40% white
27% black
28% Asian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- B
Anitbodies present in plasma- Anti-A
11% white
20% black
27% Asian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- A & B
Anitbodies present in plasma- none
4% white
4% black
5% Asian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- neither
Anitbodies present in plasma- Anti-A and Anti-B
47% white
49% black
40% Asian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the disease process in which the body's blood vessels become increasingly occluded by plaques. Because the plaques narrow the arteries, they can contribute to hypertensive heart disease. They also serve as focal points for the formation of blood clots (thrombi), which may break away and block smaller vessels farther downstream in the circulatory pathway and cause heart attacks or strokes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 130-200 mg per 100 ml of plasma |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick red? |
|
Definition
| The amount of O2 it's carrying; more O2= brighter red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called an erythrocyte; anucleate formed element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actively phagocytic leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ancestral cell of platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number rises during parasite infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases histamine; promotes inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many formed in lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases in number during prolonged infections |
|
|
Term
| 4 classes of nutrients found in plasma |
|
Definition
| sugar, amino acids, lipids and vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the consistency and color of plasma |
|
Definition
| viscous & sticky; straw colored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average life span of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal increase in the number of WBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal increase in the number of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of too few RBCs or of RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal decrease in the number of WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stimulates RBC production |
|
|
Term
| Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia? How are they treated? |
|
Definition
| When kidneys fail, they also do not produce enough erythropoietin for erythropoiesis. The can be given genetically engineered erythropoietin (EPO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that inhibits blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's natural anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| Macrocytic hypochromic anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microcytic hypochromic anemia |
|
Definition
| iron-deficient diet or a bleeding ulcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic defect that causes hemoglobin to become sharp/spiky |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytic leukemia (chronic) |
|
Definition
| a type of bone marrow cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tapeworm infestation in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunological memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunity conferred by activated T cells, which directly kill infected or cancerous body cells or cells of foreign grafts and release chemicals that regulate the immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of bloodborne proteins, which, when activated, enhance the inflammatory and immune responses and may lead to cell lysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small porteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of the body to resist many agents (both living and nonliving) that can cause disease; resistance to disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small lymphoid organ that filters lymph; contains macrophages and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymph; drains excess tissue fluid from the extracellular space; nodes provide sites for immune surveilance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which complement proteins or antibodies coat foreign particles, providing "handles" to which phagocyte receptors can bind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue- Peyer's patches, the appendix, tonsils, lymphoid follicles in the walls of the bronchi & mucosa of genitourinary organs
Protects passages that are open to the exterior from the never-ending onslaught of foreign matter entering them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clinging of phagocytes to the inner walls of the capillaries and postcapillary venules.
2nd step in the mobilization of phagocytes after injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short-lived immunity resulting from the introduction of "borrowed antibodies" obtained from an immune animal or human donor; immunological memory is not established. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest lymphoid organ; provides for lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response, and blood-cleansing functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins released from virus-infected (and other) cells that protect uninfected cells from viral takeover; also inhibit some cancers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor in the aortic arch sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When dissolved CO2 diffuses into the RBCs, it combines with water, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3). H2CO3 is unstable and dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller (<1mm in diameter) branching air passageways inside the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the two large branches of the trachea that leads to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
|
Definition
| Chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a receptor in the common carotid artery sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels of the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
Definition
| the amount of air (1,000-1200ml) that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of oxygen from blood to the tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
|
Definition
| The amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond tidal volume (2100-3100 ml) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the air remaining in the lungs after even a strenuous expiration (1200ml) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500ml) |
|
|
Term
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) |
|
Definition
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort. (4200/6000ml)
TV+IRV+ERV+RV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort. (3100/4800ml)
TV+IRV+ERV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration. (2400/3600ml)
TV +IRV |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
|
Definition
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration. (1800/2400ml)
ERV+RV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretion produced by certain cells of the alveoli that reduces the suface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greenish-yellow or brownish alkaline fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine; contain bile salts and phospholipids, which aid in digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The blind-end pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Semi-fluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First part of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular tube extending from the layngopharynx through the diaphragm to join the stomach; collapses when not involved in food propulsion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sac beneath the right lobe of the liver used for bile storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening between the vocal chords in the larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal part of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the digestive tract extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus; includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loved accessory organ that overlies the stomach; produces bile to help digest fat, and serves other metabolic and regulatory functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gland located behind the stomach, between the spleen and the duodenum; produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular tube extending from the region posterior to the nasal cavities to the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevations or ridges, as in stomach mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convoluted tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve where it joins the large intestine; the site where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a circular muscle surrounding an opening; acts as a valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary reservoir in the gastrointestinal tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that tremendously increase its surface area for absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of abnormally low hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/vasopressin) |
|
Definition
| hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume. |
|
|
Term
| Atrial Natriuetic Peptie (ANP) |
|
Definition
| a hormone released by certain cells of the heart atria that reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na+ and water retention |
|
|
Term
| Bowman's Capsule (Glomerular Capsule) |
|
Definition
| Double-walled cup at end of a renel tubule; encloses a glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances, such as salts, acids and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cup-shaped areas that enclose the papillae of the pyramids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urination, or voiding; emptying of the bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural and functional unit of the kidney; consists of the glomerulus and renal tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
|
|
Term
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inward extensions of cortical tissue, separate the pyramids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most superficial regin of the kidney; light in color; has granular appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep to the cortex; darker, redish-brown, exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a funnel-shaped tube, continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appear striped because they are formed almost entirely of parallel bundles of microscopic urine-collecting tubules and capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube that carries urine from kidney to the bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| canal through which urine passes from the bladder to outside the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This determines what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these predominate at the sites of chronic infections |
|
|
Term
| promote an increase in blood pressure |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone will_____________________? |
|
|
Term
| cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched |
|
Definition
| Antibody functions do NOT include... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the__________? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood volume restorers do NOT include |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to ______________? |
|
|
Term
| greater than the pressure in the atmosphere |
|
Definition
| Complete the following statement. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is... |
|
|
Term
| 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick |
|
Definition
| For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be how thick? |
|
|
Term
| decreased delivery of oxygen |
|
Definition
| If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to __________________? |
|
|
Term
| ilium of the small intestine |
|
Definition
| Peyer's patches are found in the ______________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the __________________________. |
|
|
Term
| pump blood with greater pressure |
|
Definition
| The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to _______________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual pressers of gases in the mixture" paraphrases _________________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is |
|
|
Term
| entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei. |
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormones exerts its influences by |
|
|
Term
| The recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid |
|
Definition
| Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however depends on two factors. Name them. |
|
|
Term
| The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid. |
|
Definition
| Describe the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| reactivity with an antibody |
|
Definition
| Which is characteristic of complete antigens? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which kind is not a a form of lung cancer? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by how many weeks? |
|
|
Term
| the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous |
|
Definition
| A sentinal node is _______________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretion of this is regulated by a hypothalmic secretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This hormone is inhibited by alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen |
|
Definition
| An individual who is blood type AB negative can |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ___________________. |
|
|
Term
| membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged |
|
Definition
| As red blood cells age ____________________. |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta |
|
Definition
| Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? |
|
|
Term
| is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels perisist |
|
Definition
| Brain blood flow autoregulation ________________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by __________________. |
|
|
Term
| producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells |
|
Definition
| Cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by _________________. |
|
|
Term
| Protein acts as the link between first and second messengers. |
|
Definition
| Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. How is this possible? |
|
|
Term
| possible activation of several different second-messenger systems |
|
Definition
| Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include _____________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called_______________. |
|
|
Term
| results in the formation of plasma cells |
|
Definition
| Clonal selection of B cells _________________________. |
|
|
Term
| has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium |
|
Definition
| Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ___________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is called _______________________. |
|
|
Term
| are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic T cells __________________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the ___________________ is referred to as heart block. |
|
|
Term
| include allergic contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
| Delay hypersensitivities ______________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except _____________________. |
|
|
Term
| some calcium enters the cell from extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores |
|
Definition
| During contraction of heart muscle cells _____________________. |
|
|
Term
| blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles |
|
Definition
| During the period of ventricular filling __________________. |
|
|
Term
| voluntary cortical control |
|
Definition
| Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This muscle layer will contract to wrinkle the scrotum surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The site of sperm production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bands of skeletal muscle that arise from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk & elevate the testes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By contracting rhythmically, these cells may hep to squeeze sperm and testicular fluids through the tubules and out of the testes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erectile tissue in the male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces an alkaline secretion that is released before ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produces enzymes that activate the sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This accessory gland produces most of the volume of semen. (70%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of 2 consecutive nuclear divisions that follow one round of DNA replication. Its product is 4 daughter cells instead of 2, each with half as many chromosomes as typical body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduction division of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equational division of meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell that will be the next spermatogonial stem cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell type that is formed when meiosis II is completed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell type formed when Meiosis I is completed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which produces and releases estrogen and progesterone? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Frozen" oocyte in meiosis I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage of development that stops in meosis II in women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Completes meiosis II in women |
|
|
Term
| They have the same number of chromosomes. |
|
Definition
| Human egg and sperm are similar in that: |
|
|
Term
| when leutinizing hormone levels have peaked and start to decline. |
|
Definition
| Each month, the time when a female is first fertile is when... |
|
|
Term
| blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. |
|
Definition
| Normally menstruation occurs when... |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial (Leydig) cells |
|
Definition
| The cells in the testis that produce testosterone are the: |
|
|
Term
| Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells |
|
Definition
| Divide the seminiferous tubule into two compartments, the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment. Release androgen binding protein (ABP) when stimulated by FSH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the process of ovulation, what is actually ejected from the ovary? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The name given to a mature ovarian follicle that is about to ovulate is... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature sperm are termed___________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When during the cell life cycle does DNA replicate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After DNA replicates, EACH strand is referred to as a __________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period between the end of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II is known as ___________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When do sister chromatids separate during meiosis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The flagellum of the sperm develops in the ________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which structure plays an important role in causing descent of the testes in a male fetus? |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic motor neurons |
|
Definition
| The events associated with erection of the penis are directly controlled by ___________________. |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic motor neurons |
|
Definition
| Constriction of the urethral sphincter during ejaculation is controlled by ___________________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Besides the gonads, which endocrine gland is another source of testosterone? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female genitals develop in a fetus as a result of the ___________________. |
|
|
Term
| yolk sac, spleen and liver |
|
Definition
| Sources of blood cells in a fetus include ____________________. |
|
|
Term
| accumulation of hemoglobin breakdown products |
|
Definition
| The excess bilirubin associated with jaundice usually results from ________________________________. |
|
|
Term
| helps maintain water content of blood |
|
Definition
| What is a role of albumin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone associated with maturation of white blood cells is _____________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which cells routinely exit the bloodstream by slipping out of capillaries? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which cell count is the best indicator of recent rate of RBC production? |
|
|
Term
| to reduce O2 diffusion distance |
|
Definition
| Why does a red blood cell eject its nucleus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood is a tissue consisting mostly of _________________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ALL anemics have this in common. |
|
|
Term
| essential to DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
| Why are B vitamins important to the overall process of erythropoiesis? |
|
|
