Japan is ranked one of the highest in the world while some European countries like Italy and Germany are seeing an increase

Lowest would be countries in Sub-Saharan Africa where they have a high youth-dependency ratio (their populations are young)

A conflict over the sharing of the water in the Kaveri River between the south Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu would best be classified as...

A) An allocational boundary dispute

B) A locational boundary dispute

C) An operational boundary dispute

D) A definitional boundary dispute

E) A genetic boundary dispute

A developer clears several acres of forest to make room for a shopping center. All traces of the original landscape have been eliminated. This is an example of...

A) NIMBY

B) Topicide

C) Sustainable development

D) Desertification

E) Agribusiness

A factor that persuades an immigrant to settle en route to his or her planned destinations is known as...

A) Interfering Factor

B) Intervening Opportunity

C) Interruption

D) Interceding Factor

E) Disrupting Opportunity

A greenbelt policy encourages a city to curb the amount of construction on a city's edges to encourage growth in...

A) The city's suburbs

B) The city's industrial zones

C) The city's transportation networks

D) The city's waterfront district

E) The city's core

A new fashion trend originating in New York City that diffuses to Los Angels, Paris and Tokyo before reaching rural areas of New York state would be an example of which of the following types of diffusion?

A) Contagious

B) Hierarchical

C) Uniform

D) Relocation

E) Stimulus

A political leader might seek to make his/her country conform to the traditional concept of a nation-state by...

A) Demanding representation in the United Nations

B) Openly encouraging civil disobedience

C) Instituting a bicameral system of legislature

D) Using the popular media to promote the idea of a national culture

E) Advocating a policy of multiculturalism

A ratio of the number of items within a defined unit of area measures...

A) Dispersion

B) Direction

C) Pattern

D) Density

E) Diffusion

A refugee is defined as a person...

A) Who willingly left his/her homeland for better opportunities in another country

B) Who illegally resides in a country other than his/her homeland

C) Who works outside his/her home country

D) Who was forced to leave his/her homeland due to war or violence

E) Who was deported from a country back to his/her homeland

A suitcase farm is defined as...

A) A commercial farm where no one lives and that is farmed by migratory workers

B) Temporarily cultivated land that is abandoned after several seasons

C) Land to and from which seasonal pasture animals are moved throughout the year

D) A farm where crops are grown for human consumption rather than for animals

E) Commercial production of fruit from orchards

-Spatial separation between two points on the Earth’s surface measured by some accepted standard unit such as miles or kilometers (for widely separated locations), feet or meters (for more closely spaced points)

-Ex. There is 445 miles between Sydney and Melbourne (Australia)

Monarch is sole ruler

ex. Saudi Arabia, Brunei

-The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations; varies from place to place and can be measured

-Ex. NY City Subway system allows accessibility between different city neighborhoods

According to Griffin and Ford’s Latin American City Model, a common trend is…

1. All business takes place only in the central core of the city

2. The most expensive housing is found on the exterior fringes of the city

3. As one moves away from the CBD the quality of housing decreases

4. The Sector Model is the perfect layout to match every Latin American city’s development

After World War II, the governments of many European nations countered urban housing shortages by buidling...

A) Public housing in rural areas

B) Private residential towers within the city

C) Subsidized housing blocks within the city

D) Efficient urban highways

E) Private residental housing in commuter zones

All of the following accurately reflect the attitude of Thomas Malthus towards the poor EXCEPT:

A) Wealthy people giving money to the poor would deprive the world of culture and refinement

B) Preventive checks were not enough to control the population of the poor

C) Better health care and sanitation should not be provided to poor people

D) A surplus population of poor people was necessary to provide a stable workforce

E) Left unchecked the population of poor people would be unltimately limited by famine

All of the following are examples of forced migration EXCEPT...

A) The Trail of Tears in the early 19th century

B) The Atlantic Slave Trade

C) The California Gold Rush in the mid 19th century

D) The Irish Potato Famine from 1846-1850

E) The Japanese internment camps during World War II

All of the following are examples of iconic, secular landscape EXCEPT...

A) The Eiffel Tower

B) Yosemite Valley

C) The Lincoln Memorial

D) The Dome of the Rock

All of the following are potential pull factors for immigrants EXCEPT?

A) Access to health-care services

B) The high cost of land

C) Potential for higher-paying employment

D) Access to electricity and utilities

E) Entertainment options like television and sports

All of the following are true of maquiladoras EXCEPT...

A) The North American Free Trade Agreement spurred the growth of maquiladoras in Mexico

B) Globalization has increased competition for maquiladoras in Mexico

C) Because of the North American Free Trade Agreement, maquiladoras are not subject to any Mexican taxes

D) U.S. firms take advantage of more lenient Mexican labor laws and cheaper wages by using the maquiladoras

E) China's special economic areas are a big threat to the maquiladoras because they provide cheaper labor in some cases

All of the following belong to the Indo-European language family EXCEPT...

A) Hindi

B) Bengali

C) Farsi

D) Mandarin

E) Dutch

All of the following crops are products of Mediterranean agriculture EXCEPT...

A) Olives

B) Grapes

C) Dates

D) Figs

E) Apples

An example of a country with a population pyramid that has a large base is...

A) Japan

B) Germany

C) Nigeria

D) United States

E) Russia

An excellent example of a primate city that serves as the focus of a country and its culture is...

A) Copenhagen, Denmark

B) Marseilles, France

C) Calgary, Canada

D) Seattle, United States of America

E) Tijuana, Mexico

An immigrant who selectively adopts certain customs of the dominant society in order to advance socioeconomically, while still retaining much of his/her customs, practices and beliefs best illustrates the concept of...

A) Acculturation

B) Maladaptive Behavior

C) Assimilation

D) Ethnocentrism

E) All of the above

Created and thus suspended earlier claims to the land of Antarctica and opened up for scientific research only;

Expanded in 1991 for another 50 years and established new pollution controls and banned mining and oil exploration for 50 years

Australia had largest claim with Chile, Argentina and the UK having overlapping claims

-Due to China's booming factory industry, workers from Vietnam and other neighboring countries are coming for work; also major internal migration within China for factory jobs

-Oil rich countries in Southwest Asia lure workers from poorer countries as guest workers; claims that conditions are not always adequate 

-A non-citizen of a country who has been granted asylum or seeks asylum

(asylum means protection)

Ex. Illegal immigrants asking the government for refugee/asylum; political prisoners; Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of Tibet has asylum in India because Chinese  control Tibet

-The countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

-Economies as a group quickly moving towards complete industrialization & dominating in manufacturing and supplying natural resources

-Meet together at summits 

-Formed New Development Bank (NDB), to fund infrastructure and sustainable development projects both in their own countries as well as elsewhere

-By 2050 predicted to be some of the front runners in the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) with China surpassing the USA

Baby booms are generally assoicated with...

A) Periods of economic hardship

B) Increased education of women

C) Periods of economic prosperity

D) Increased number of women in the workforce

E) Times of War

-Occurs when other regions suffer a drain of resources and talent due to agglomeration in another region

Ex. California's Silicon Valley took most high-tech industry workers so other regions were left without their resources and talents and thus suffered the backwash effect

Division of a region or state into smaller units, usually along ethnic lines

Ex. Breaking up Yugoslavia into smaller independent states

Bananas, sugarcane, and coffee are what type of crops?

A) Plantation Crops

B) Market-Gardening Crops

C) Slash-And-Burn Crops

D) Animal Products

E) Subsistence Crops

Explains that the price and demand for land increases closer to the CBD

Fuel that dervies from plant material and animal waste

Ex. Ethanol

Rapidly growing suburban city that has a population greater than 100,000, is not the largest city in their metropolitan area having double digit growth for several decades, often develop along interstate beltways

Ex. Temecula, Riverside, Escondido, etc.

Representation of the environment around a border area

Ex. Along the USA/Mexico border you see Spanish style architecture; border states--> more Spanish spoken, in Mexico side closest to USA more English spoken

People wanting to escape communist influence began leaving Eastern Europe

Berlin Wall was built by the Communists to stop the "Brain Drain"

Walter Christaller is credited with its creation

Holds that all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is place of exchange and service provisions

Movement of people, capital city, services, and government into the central city

Ex. It is the opposite of suburban sprawl

Specific areas in China that allow tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations to attract foreign business and investment; situated along major port areas

1) 1980s establishment of first SEZs

2) 1984: China opened up fourteen coastal cities for overseas investment (ex. Shanghai, Tianjin, etc.

3) 1985: Opened up coastal areas including Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas

4) Established to encourage foreign investment

   5) No tax during first year; after year of profit “tax clock” begins but no tax second year while third and fourth year see ½ the tax rate

6) Has brought investment and revenue along with technological ideas to China

China's one-child policy is an example of what theory?

A) Maximum Population Theory

B) Ideal Population Theory

C) Optimum Population Theory

D) Select Population Theory

E) Population Theory

Cities in areas that have a high chance of being affected by natural disasters are required to develop emergency transit plants to...

A) Help urban residents prepare for natural disasters

B) Eliminate the dangers posed by natural disasters

C) Determine where natural disasters might strike

D) Help urban residents evacuate in response to natural disasters

E) Minimize the effect of natural disasters

Distance people perceive exists in a given situation

Ex. I think it is shorter to reach downtown San Diego by driving on the 15 & 163 freeways, but my sister thinks going vis the 5 freeway is faster

Period of East-West competition, tension and conflict short of full scale war that began after WWII and ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in the 1990s, included also scientific competition like space race

Ex. United States (democracy) vs. Soviet Union (Communism)

1) Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers usually over already existing native cities (Aztec capital was built over by the Spanish later to be Mexico City)

2) Some African cities didn’t urbanize until colonial period like Nairobi, Kenya

3) In postcolonial independence many former colonies will keep European style architecture,  street system, language, etc. while others will change their toponyms, structure, language, etc.

Ex. Bombay, Madras & Calcutta during British colonization now Mumbai, Chennai & Kolkata (India)

 Independent former parts of the British Empire; most still retain the British monarch as a head of state with the governor-general serving as the crown representative in the country; however the head of government is their own parliament and prime minister; states that still hold the British monarch as head of state include: Canada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Guyana, Bahamas, etc.

Government controls means of production, determining what goods are made, how much workers will be paid and how much items will cost

Clustering of a phenomenon around a central location (clustered/agglomerated: close together spatially)

-Ex. There is a high concentration of favelas (slum communities) around the outer rim of San Paulo, Brazil

Concentric Zone Model

(Burgess Model)

~Created in 1923 by sociologist E.W. Burgess

•First to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas

•This model shows that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings

•Size and width of rings varies from city to city but same type of rings appear in all cities in the same order but today in America the Zone of Better Residence would be larger (more people living in suburbs)

Zone 1: CBD à nonresidential activities are concentrated; aka downtown; highest density of commercial land use, expensive real estate

Zone 2: Zone of Transition à industry, manufacturing, wholesaling, factory zone; in many American/Canadian cities these areas have been deindustrialized-converted from industrial areas to festive landscape (parks, sports stadiums, convention centers, outdoor concert venues, etc.)

Zone 3: Zone of Independent Worker’s homes à working class, blue collar, inner city, lower-quality housing like tenements/public housing projects

Zone 4: Zone of Better Residence à professional/white collar, suburbs, newer homes, spacious, middle class

Zone 5: Commuter Zone à exurbs (area beyond suburbs), country estates, very low-density residential and they drive into the city for work (commute)

System in which individual political units keep their sovereignty but give limited power to the central government

Ex. Commonwealth of Independent States, United States having a federal gov. with other smaller states, Canada, Mexico, Russia, etc.

Monarch is mostly a figurehead, some can dismiss parliament, appoint judges/other officials, holds significant lands and estates, etc.

Ex. Great Britain, Belgium. The Netherlands, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Thailand, Luxembourg, Kuwait, Jordan, Bahrain, Monaco, Cambodia

Distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person

Ex. Contagious diseases like influenza, ideas on the World Wide Web, or the wave among fans at a sporting event

Visible imprint of human activity

-Ex. Cape Cod style architecture in New England, Wailing Wall in Jerusalem, etc.

DTM

(Demographic Transition Model)

Model developed to predict and explain changes in population rates

As a country "transitions" or develops it goes through stages that refelct changes in birth, death and natural increase rates

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

-Ex. Crossing a mountainous border or political restrictions on migration

Creator of the term sequent occupance (1929) Whittlesey also is known for mapping out 11 main agricultural regions plus a region where agriculture did not occur (1936)

-These 11 were linked with certain climate zones and divided between five that were important to LDCs and six important to MDCs:

1) Subsistence Farming: farming which uses simple technology, low capital investment, and in which the production of food for the individual farmer's family is the priority

2) Shifting Cultivation: people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively long period

Dominates in Amazon (S. Amer.), Central/West Africa & Southeast Asia

Have two distinctive characteristics:

-Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation & burning debris (slash-and burn agriculture)

-Grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted then leave fallow for soil to recover

•         Happens most in small villages with well-recognized boundaries separating neighboring villages

•         Swidden: a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning; also called ladang, milpa, chena, kaingin

3) Pastoral Nomadism: based on herding of domesticated animals, primarily dry lands of North African and Asia

Ex. Bedouins of Saudi Arabia/ North Africa and the Masai of East Africa

•         Rely on animals (milk, clothing, shelter) more than crops for survival

•         Consume more grain rather than meat because size of herd is a measure of power and prestige and security during adverse environmental conditions

•         Type of animal used depends on region:

•         Camelsà North Africa, Middle East,

            Horseà Central Asia

            Goats and sheepà Multiple societies

4) Intensive Subsistence (Wet Rice Dominate): farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land; primarily the largest concentrations in East and South Asia

•         Wet rice: rice planted on dry land in a nursery & then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

•         Small % of Asia’s agricultural land

•         Dominate however in Southeast China, East India, and much of Southeast Asia

•         Rice is most important crop to Asia region

•         Several steps in growing rice:

1)      Farmer prepares field for planting using oxen plow

2)      Plowed land is flooded with water; too much water can harm; flooded field is called a sawah; Europeans usually call it a paddy (incorrect usage of Malay word for wet rice)

      3) Rice plants grow in submerged water and are harvested by hand

      4) Process continues…

            -Chaff: husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

            -Threshed: to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it

            -Winnowed: to remove shaft by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

            -Hull: the outer covering of the seed

            -Double cropping: harvesting twice a year from the same field

5) Intensive Subsistence (Crops other than rice dominate):

•         Climate prevents some farmers from growing wet rice in parts of Asia

•         Agriculture in interior of India & northeast China are devoted to crops other than wet rice: mostly human power with wheat and barley being the two most important crops; cash crops include tobacco, cotton, hemp and flax

6) Mixed Crops and Livestock: Common form of agriculture in the United States Midwest and Central Europe

•         The most distinctive characteristic is that it’s the integration of crops & livestock; most of the crops are fed to the animals

•         Mostly all land is devoted to farming, but ¾ of money is made from animal products

•         Permits farmers to distribute work evenly throughout the year

•         Livestock can be sold throughout the year but crops bring the most income

•         Involves crop rotation when the farm is divided into many fields and each field is planted on a planned cycle

•         Select corn mostly because there are higher yields per area

•         Soybeans are second because it is used to make products consumed directly by people

7) Dairying: primarily in Northeastern USA, Wisconsin, California, Southeastern Canada, and Northwestern Europe

•         Most important commercial agriculture practiced on farms

•         Most of the world’s milk production was in the MDCs

•         However India is now the world’s largest milk producer

•         It’s the first ring outside of large cities because milk is highly perishable and during transportation it could go bad

•         Milk shed is the ring outside a city from which milk can be supplied w/out spoiling

•         We have refrigerated railcars and trucks now that help us ship milk more than 500 kilometers

•         Some dairy farms specialize in butter, or cheese rather than milk

•         Dairy farmers don’t sell directly to consumers but first sell milk to wholesalers

•         Also sell milk to butter and cheese manufacturers

•         Dairy farming can be expensive with labor being intensive and expensive to feed the cows in winter

8) Grain Farming: seed of cereal grass; primarily North-Central USA and Eastern Europe

•         Grain is the seed of many different grasses like wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet and other grasses

•         Crops on a grain farm are for consumption by humans

•         Grain farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products like cereals and snack-food makers

•         The most important crop on farms is wheat which is used to make bread flour, so it can be sold for a higher price

•         Wheat also has more uses in human foods; it doesn’t spoil easily so it can be transported a long distance

•         There is so much wheat grown, that it is used for international trade

•         Wheat is the world’s largest exported crop

•         U.S. and Canada account for more than half of the export of crops

•         U.S. is the largest commercial producer of grain

•         Commercial grain farms are in regions where it is too dry for mixed crops

9) Ranching: Western USA, Southeast South America, Central Asia, Southern Africa, and Australia

•         Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area and is mostly practiced in MDCs where vegetation is sparse & soil is poor

•         Hollywood films and television helped draw attention to this commercial farming

•         Cattle ranching expanded in the U.S. because of the demand for beef

•         Ranching declined in the 1880s, but ranchers created the “Code of the West” which discussed their rights as ranchers

•         U.S. government sold land (that the ranchers owned) mostly to farmers to grow crops

•         Ranchers used barbed wire…range wars

•         Large cattle ranches were established on land too dry for crops

•         New cattle breeds were brought from Europe, and at first they didn’t adapt to the old ranching system & then they thrived once there was fixed ranching

•         Ranching generates lower income per an area of land, and ranches are most likely owned by meat processing companies then individuals

•         Ranching has declined in the U.S. because growing crops became more profitable

•         For survival ranchers tried new methods of breeding and sources of water and feed

•         Ranching became a part of the meat processing industry

10) Mediterranean Agriculture: exists in lands that border Mediterranean Sea; also in California, Central Chile, parts of South Africa, & Southwestern Australia

•         All Mediterranean agriculture borders the sea, west coast region of a continent, has areas with moisture, moderate winters, hot, dry summers, sea breezes and land is usually hilly

•         Small % of income comes from animal products

•         Usually goat & sheep are raised on coastal plains in the winter and on the hills in summer

•         Most crops are grown for human consumption, rather than animal feed

•         Horticulture is the growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers and tree crops that are the commercial base of farming

•         Olives, grapes, dates, etc…

•         The physical and cultural traits of a region decide which crop is grown where

•         Lands nearest the Mediterranean Sea are world’s largest suppliers of olives which are an important source of cooking oil

•         Half the land is devoted to cereals for the making of pasta and bread

•         Much of California farmland is devoted to fruit and vegetable

11) Plantation Farming: form of commercial farming especially in Latin America, Africa & Asia

•         Plantation: large farm that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale; most important are cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, cacao, and tobacco

•         Usually import workers

•         Major plantation crops:

      -Tea (India, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand)

      -Banana (Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras)

      -Coffee (Ethiopia, Brazil, Kenya, Colombia, Hawaii (USA))

      -Rubber (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Mexico)

      -Cacao {Chocolate} (Ghana, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria)

      -Cane Sugar (Cuba, Caribbean area, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India)

The transfer of certain powers from the state's central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory

Ex. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have separate status and own capital from England (asymmetric federalism)

-People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside the home of their ethnicity

Ex. Jewish people living outside of Israel

 -Compact, closely clustered settlement usually a hamlet or a large village

Ex. Can also be the poorest part of a city controlled by a gang or war lord

Amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area; how far things are spread out (dispersed/scattered: spread out)

-Ex. Due to problems of flooding and mountainous terrain Dolomites, Italy has many dispersed communities.

-The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction; usually represented in S curve

-Ex. Less Temecula shoppers go to North County Fair Mall in Escondido since the Promenade Mall opened in Temecula

During the process of mapmaking, in which the three-dimensional surface of the earth is projected onto a flat, two-dimensional surface, all of the following attributes can become distorted EXCEPT...

A) Shape

B) Area

C) Distance

D) Direction

E) Relative location

Special manufacturing export zones that offer favorable tax, with regulatory and trade agreements to foreign companies

1. By early 2000, more than sixty countries had such zone

         2. Some argue that these zones exploit workers and only benefit foreign firms while some believe it provides necessary jobs for local residents

    3. Two examples include Mexico’s maquiladoras and China’s Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

-Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium; currency Euro

-Mission in 21^st Century:

                -Provide peace, prosperity and stability for its people

                -Overcome continental division

                -Safety, economic balance and social development

-Combination of former organizations known as European Economic Community, Common Market and The European Community

-First began with six countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Lux., the Netherlands, and West Germany (1958) (The Inner Six)

-European Free Trade Association (EFTA) formed in 1960 to counter Inner Sixà aka the Outer Seven: UK, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and Portugal

-States began to leave other organizations to join the Common Market

-Different countries have joined the EU at different times; in 2004 eight former communist Eastern European countries joined (Czech Rep., Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) along with Cyprus and Malta

-Agencies: Council of Ministers, Commission, European Parliament and a Court of Justice

Economic and/or political associations that are comprised of multiple, autonomous member states that cooperate to achieve a common purpose are known as...

A) Transnational corporations

B) Supranational organizations

C) Multiethnic societies

D) Nationalism

E) Nongovernmental organizations

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development; also referred as environmentalism

-Ex. Many scholars dismiss this concept but an example could be that island nations have separate cultural development because of separation from mainland.

-British demographer who studied internal migration in England

-From these studies he created the Laws of Migration with some still relevant today

-Principal critic of Malthusian theory who argued that overpopulation could be solved by increasing the number of subsistence farmers

Ex. Remeber Malthus thought the population (growing exponentially) would outgrow food supply (growing arthmetically)

Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia in 1993

With no formal fixed borders another conflict broke out in 1998

Some argue it is more of an issue of "pride" than land

Ended in 2000 with minor border change

Badme is the area at the heart of the conflict

Ethnicity

(Ethnic Geography)

Spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those involved grows continuously larger resulting in an expanding area of dissemination; snowball effect

-Ex. Spread of Islam through Africa

-Founded in Oct. 1945

-Mandate to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity and to better the conditions of rural populations; alleviate poverty and hunger

-Largest autonomous agency within the U.N.

-Active in land and water development, plant and animal production, forestry, fisheries, economic/social policy, investment, nutrition, trade and dealings with food and agricultural emergencies

-Works to conserve natural resources while promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development

Relating to a union of states that recognizes a single central government but retain certain powers for themselves

Ex. USA

Landscape of cultural festivities; an area within an urban setting set aside for activities

Ex. Central Park used for concerts

1. Location (Absolute an Relative)

2. Place (Physical and Human Characteristics)

3. Human Environment Interaction

4. Movement

5. Region (Formal (Uniform), Functional (Nodal),

Perceptual (Vernacular)

-Industry not bound by local constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants; production doesn't change no matter where the goods are manufactured or processed

Ex. High tech industry and diamond industry 

-South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and former British colony Hong Kong were amongst the first Asian areas to embrace international trade; trade is considered complementary (meaning both sides benefit)

            1. South Korea: exports automobiles and electronics; high quality-university and primary education system; access to worldwide markets thanks to port cities like Pusan and Kwangju

            2. Taiwan: Who controls Taiwan? The United States recognizes Taiwan as independent due to their more capitalist economic system, while China claims Taiwan is a part of their country. Has grown in economic status due to exports with Kaohsiung handling the majority of the exports

            3. Singapore: example of an entrepôt; busiest port in the world; one of the cleanest and safest places in the world due to tough laws against crime (ex. littering is outlawed and comes with tough punishments); keeps many tourist away in fear of “lashings” and other harsh punishments, however international businesses like the safety; ports take in goods and re-export to places like Japan, Europe, the USA and other regions

            4. Hong Kong: Britain gave up its control of this port in the 1990s (Britain had gained Hong Kong after the Opium War in the late 1800s). Example of an entrepôt with its main industry being the re-export of industrial products especially those made in mainland China; one of the busiest ports in the world

1. Shape (geometric shape of objects)

2. Size (area)

3. Distance (represented distance between things)

4. Direction (degree of accuracy representing cardinal and intermediate direction)

 a) Conics: maps that place a cone over the Earth and keep distance intact but lose directional qualities

-Ex. Has a lot of distortion in the polar regions

b) Cylindrical: maps that show true direction but lose distance

-Ex. A Mercator map

c) Oval: maps that combine cylindrical and conic projections

-Ex. Molleweide projection

d) Planar: maps that show true direction and examine the Earth from one point, usually from a pole or polar direction

-Ex. Azimuthal map

The increase of time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

-Ex. It will cost you more in time and gas money to go to concert in Las Vegas vs. San Diego

Portion of a country adjacent to its boundaries and fronting another political unit

The frontier zone is a belt lying between two states or between settled and uninhabited or sparsely settled areas

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data; many advances in GIS have come from military applications; critiques of GIS: represents no real advances in geographers’ understanding of places and regions, increases level of surveillance by those who already possess power, fear it may help create a world in which people are not judged by who they are and what they do but more by where they live

-Ex. TOXMAP (National Library of Medicine), used by 911 operators, Google Earth, etc.

GIScience

(Geographic Information Science)

-The development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satelitte and other electronic information technologies

-Helps geographers create more accurate and complex maps adn to measure changes over time in the characteristics of places

Includes two dozen satellites placed in predetermined orbits, a series of tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites and receivers that compute positions, velocity, and time from the satellite signals

-Ex. Receivers in car can give you directions

Homes designed to look like European farm houses with front lawns and were originally built for the growing urban middle class of Chicago in Riverside, Illinois

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects women’s disadvantage in three dimensions—reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market; by UN 

A state's power to control space/terrritory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations

Originated by German geographer Friedrich Ratzel

Used to estimate interaction and movement between two places

-Closer places attract more people than distant ones and larger places attract more people

A population pyramid will show a higher number of older or elderly people in its projection than younger working-age people; the population pyramid is top heavy

Ex. What is starting to happen in Japan

-Point of economic growth usually in urban areas benefiting from agglomeration

-Ex. Silicon Valley for high-tech computer industries (California), the Research Triangle an epicenter for research and development companies (North Carolina), universities, medical centers

HDI

(Human Development Index)

-An idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most concentrated places of people; urban hierarchy (ranking settlements (village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions) are usually involved; idea can proceed either upward or downward through a hierarchy; ideas from political leaders to other people in the community or ideas from an urban area then diffused to isolated rural areas

      -Ex. hip-hop music started in urban areas and spread to suburbs

High-Tech Corridor

or

Technopole

-Place where technology and computer industries agglomerate

Ex. Silicon Valley in California

 Professional endeavor that seeks to fix, preserve, and protect buildings, places, objects, landscape etc. of historical significance; some states have historic districts that are from a certain era in the region’s history

Historically, cultural diffusion patterns in the United States have tended to flow in which general direction?

A) East to west

B) West to east

C) North to south

D) South to north

E) Northwest to southeast

Housing in edge cities is often meant to create a semirural fantasy space in which houses and gardens are typically...

A) Natural and unfenced

B) Extremely similar and minimalist

C) Sleek and modernist

D) Designed for agricultural use

E) Well manicured and gated

Identify the concept:

Growing corn one season and wheat in another

States (usually core states) that attract large numbers of immigrants

Ex. USA, Australia, Western Europe

In 1997, Pakistan and the United Kingdom experienced the two-way nature of migration. Which of the following is true regarding that migration pattern?

A) The migration in both ways was equal

B) More people migrated from Pakistan to the UK

C) More people migrated from the UK to Pakistan

D) The migration to the UK was countermigration

E) The migration to Pakistan was the dominant migration

In a developed country, all of the following are likely to lower the rate of natural increase (RNI) of the population EXCEPT...

A) Women gaining political and economic rights

B) Very high divorce rates

C) A proliferation of single-parent, single child families

D) A high rate of immigration

E) A high number of DINK (double-income, no kids) households

In a futuristic version of Hoyt's sector model, low-income populations would be most likely to live close to...

A) Industrial canals

B) High-speed rail lines

C) Green spaces and parks

D) Pedistrian walkways

E) Wind farms

In the city of Jerusalem, the concentric zone model can be modified to account for the presence of at least two central business districts for...

A) At least two different residential suburbs

B) At least two similar homeless populations

C) At least two different ethnic and religious populations

D) At least two different government adminstrations

E) At least two similar banking centers

In the core-periphery model of global economic patterns, all of Africa is included in the periphery EXCEPT...

A) Zimbabwe

B) Morocco

C) South Africa

D) Liberia

E) Kenya

In which of the following countries is one most likely to encounter speakers whose native tongue belongs to the Saharan language family?

A) Chad

B) Kuwait

C) Turkey

D) Mongolia

E) Cyprus

In which of the following countries is one most likely to find speakers whose native language belongs to the Uralic language family?

A) Libya

B) Cambodia

C) Kazakhstan

D) Portugal

E) Germany

Influenza is an example of which type of diffusion?

A) Network

B) Relocation

C) Hierarchical

D) Contagious

E) Mixed

Punishments in the form of economic and or diplomatic limits or even isolation

Ex. Trade embargoes (not allowed to trade) with certain countries--> the USA and Cuba

Movement to reunite a nation's homeland when part of it extends into another state's borders

Ex. Hitler during WWII trying to reunite Germans who were living in parts of Czechoslovakia

-Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Ex. Development of coastal cities in Western Africa during the slave trade

Toponym

(name given to a portion of the Earth's surface)

Job sprawl involves the migration of jobs out of the urban cores of cities into...

A) Entertainment complexes

B) The outermost rings surrounding cities

C) Gated communities

D) Sacred landscape

E) Ports and waterways

John Borchert's Model: (1967); recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation & communication:

•    1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) – associated with low technology

•    2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70); steam-powered locomotive & spreading rails

•    3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920); full impact of Ind. Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand

•    4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70); gas-powered internal combustion engine

•    5) High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion of service & information industries (not part of Borchert’s original model but added on)

-Hearth: Middle East

-Language: Hebrew; Yiddish (Central/Eastern Europe)

-House of Worship: Synagogue or Temple

-Major holidays are based on events in agricultural calendar of the religion’s homeland of Israel

-Some Holidays: Hanukkah (Festival of Lights)

Pesach( Passover) Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year)

Yom Kippur ("Day of Atonement)

-Some Sacred Sites: Wailing Wall (Western Wall in Jerusalem), Temple Mount (Jerusalem), Cave of Patriarchs (Jerusalem)

-Highest Populations in Israel followed by the USA

Lesotho, an independent state whose territorial borders are entirely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa, is an example of a(n)...

A) Urban Hearth

B) Exclave

C) City-State

D) Enclave

E) Province

-Theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move

Ex. Rostow's Modernization Model

Many of today's emerging megacities, such as Rio De Janeiro and Guangzhou, are actually not one distinct city but...

A) A collection of highly populated religious centers

B) Multiple cities that have merged

C) Academic institutions located close to suburbs and edge cities

D) A collection of company towns set up by major industries

E) A ring of commuter towns

Map projection that preserve and accurately represent the shape of the geographical areas and features are said to be...

A) Conformal

B) Equidistant

C) Equal-Area

D) Azimuthal

E) Useless

-Developed by geographer TG McGhee, it shows similar land use patterns among medium-sized Southeast Asian cities

Ex. Found separate clusters surrounding port zones instead of a true central CBD

Approach to dividing and creating boundaries and the mid-point between two places

Ex. Great Lakes between Canada and USA use this principle

Migration in which people move to a series of increasingly more economically advantageous locations is referred to as...

A) Step Migration

B) Forced Migration

C) Cyclic Movement

D) Periodic Movement

E) Demographic Transition

•Created in 1945 by geographers CD Harris & Edward Ullman

•This model shows the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities ~examples of these nodes include a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park, etc…

•Tends to apply to newer, faster growing cities

•More then one commercial center within the city landscape instead of just focused in the central city

Zone 1: CBD

Zone 2: Wholesale, light manufacturing

Zone 3: Low-Class Residential

Zone 4: Medium Class Residential

Zone 5: High-Class Residential

Zone 6: Heavy manufacturing

Zone 7: Outlying Business District

Zone 8: Residential Suburbs

Zone 9: Industrial Suburbs

Alliance of 26 countries from North America and Europe

-Treaty signed in 1949

-Safeguard the freedom and security of its members via political and military means

-Key roles in peace keeping and crisis management

-Countered by Warsaw Treaty Organization of Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries aka Warsaw Pact (dissolved with collapse of Soviet Union)

-Both pacts allowed for military bases in each countries)

-Organization not run by the government but by a charity or private organization that supplies resources and money to local businesses and causes advancing economic and human development

 Ex. Save the Children, Doctors Without Borders, etc.

A population with a single culture

Ex.

Nation: England part of the state of the United Kingdom in the country of Great Britain

Nation: Han part of the state of the People's Republic of China in the country of China         

A single culture group under a single government

Ex. Japan, Iceland, Portugal, Lesotho, etc.

-Physical environment unaffected by human activity; it can be undisturbed wilderness or if it is disturbed it can return to its natural state; first conceptualized by Alexander Humboldt

-Ex. Amazon Rainforest, Grand Canyon, etc.

Defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center

-Ex. Information networks, transportation networks, etc.

-Division of the manufacturing process across several countries, wherein different pieces of the product are made in different countries and then the pieces are assmebled yet again in another country

 –Ex. Manufacturing Zones ie. maquiladoras, special economic zones, free trade zones, etc.

THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM:

1. Walkability:

-Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
-Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases

2. Connectivity:
-Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking
-A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys
-High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable

3. Mixed-Use & Diversity:
-A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
-Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races

4. Mixed Housing:
-A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design:
-Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure:
-Discernable center and edge
-Public space at center
-Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art
-Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk
-Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings. The transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design. The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum. 

7. Increased Density:
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities

8. Smart Transportation:

-A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together
-Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation

9. Sustainability:
-Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations
-Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems
-Energy efficiency
-Less use of finite fuels
-More local production
-More walking, less driving

10. Quality of Life:
-Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

Created in April 1999

3rd Northern Canadian Territory

Formed from Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (homeland to Inuit people who make up 85% of the area's population and is the basis for the area's culture)

Name means "Our Land" in Inuktitut

Is Canada's largest territory but has the least amount of people (extremely cold temperatures)

Africa

When the British left India, the Hindus and Muslims could not agree on how to rule together

India was partioned creating East and West Pakistan (Hindus staying in India, Muslims moving to East/West Pakistan)

One of the greatest migrations of over 12 million people

West and East Pakistan were separated by over 1,000 miles of Indian territory

West Pakistan contained multiple ethnic groups but East Pakistan was mostly Bengali

Many in West Pakistan spoke Urdu which became the official language of the new country

East Pakistan was upset as most spoke Bengali

Economics and Politically issues also affected East and West Pakistan

East Pakistan paid more taxes while more than half the country's budgest was spent in West Pakistan where the government headquarters was located

In the 1970s East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh (with India's help)

The design of a spatial distribution; geographical arrangements of objects in

space

-Ex. linear, random, centralized, nucleated, etc.

Belief or understanding about a place developed through books, movies, stories, pictures, etc.

Ex. I have never been to Ireland but from the book I read it looks very green and the people very friendly.

-Peripheral area beyond the ring highway that contains squatter settlements

Ex. Included in the Griffin-Ford Model of Latin American cities that was updated by Larry Ford

Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model)

•New Suburban CBD development often specializing in a certain industry

•Development of industrial parks on the urban periphery

•Many newly developed retail shops/malls, etc. are along transportation routes like highways/freeways instead of the old downtown CBD

Possible Suburban CBD Specializations:

Zone 1: Light Industrial Park

Zone 2: Research & Development Park

Zone 3: Air Transportation Hub

Zone 4: High-Tech and Computing Service

Zone 5: Retail Center or Mall

Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where  

populations live

-Ex. Most people in the world live along seacoasts or near bodies of water

The Northern Hemisphere has a higher population than the Southern Hemisphere

Pork production and hog raising are almost nonexistent in the Islamic World. What best explains this lack of pork production?

A) Ethnic taboos do not allow Muslims to eat pork

B) Religious guidelines do not allow Muslims to eat pork

C) The pork is not a customary food perference in the Islamic diet

D) Muslim's dietary preferences tend more towards cattle production

E) The Islamic religion exalts vegans as having religious purity

Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism-that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development; nevertheless, possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choices

-Ex. Humans can make choices not  ruled by climate, physical features, etc

Greek-Egyptian geographer and astronomer

Laid out principles still followed in modern cartography

Created atlas based on campaigns of Roman legions

Credited with terms latitude and longitude

Oriented maps by placing North on top and East on right

Ravenstein's Laws Of Migration

(Main Ones)

1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration

       ●Counterstreams occur for many factors like economics,      legal, or personal reasons ex. Jewish people returning to Israel after Diaspora

2. The majority of migrants move a short distance

       ● Most migration happens in a step by step pattern and tend to remain in the same country

       ● Intervening opportunities and intervening obstacles can cause a person’s plans to change

 3. Migrants who move longer distance tend to choose big-city destinations

       ● Ravenstein lived in the 1800s during Industrial Rev. and saw this first hand; cities tend to hold pull factor of jobs and better economic opportunities

 4. Urban migrants are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas

       ●True in Ravenstein’s time and in some developing nations, however the United States has experienced some counter-urbanization

 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

       ●Easier to move oneself

6. Most long-distance migrants are male

-Transforms linear measurements into other units more meaningful for the space relationship in question; measured in terms of time, effort or cost

Ex. The drive between Sydney and Melbourne is 10 hours

Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones

 -Ex. Most common is spreading of ideas by a migrating population; for example German immigrants bringing tradition of Christmas tree to America

-Sum of money sent by a migrant to his or her family back home

Ex. Migrants come from Turkey to work in Germany and send their earnings back home to Turkey

Method of collecting data or information through use of instruments distant from the area or object of study

-Ex. Satellites

Aeriel images from airplanes

Nicolas Spykman created

He changed the Heartland Theory

Defined the rimland to be all of Eurasia's periphery, not its core of Russia and Central Asia

The rimland is the key to controlling the world island

Created in the 1950s and is an example of a liberal development theory (theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move)

● Rostow’s Model is a five-stage model of growth and advancement that all developed economies pass through:

Stage 1: The traditional society ~ a country that has not started a process of development, high % of population are involved in agriculture and fishing (primary economic activities) and high % of national wealth goes towards what Rostow calls “nonproductive activities” like religion and military

Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff ~ elite groups initiate innovative economic activities that lead to investment in new technologies, infrastructure, transportation, water supplies, etc… these projects stimulate an increase in productivity

Stage 3: The takeoff ~ takeoff industries like textiles or food products help generate rapid growth and achieve technical advances to become productive

Stage 4: Drive to maturity ~ modern technology will diffuse beyond takeoff industries to other industries so they experience rapid growth comparable to takeoff industries; workers become more skilled and specialized

Stage 5: Age of Mass Consumption ~ economy shifts from production of heavy industries like steel to consumer goods like motor vehicles and refrigerators; technical knowledge and education levels are high; dominant service-based economy

●Rostow’s model was based on two factors:

     1) MDCs of Western Europe and Anglo-America had joined others in Southern/Eastern Europe and Japan in the process of development ~ if one state becomes developed why can’t others?

     2) Many LDCs contain an abundant supply of raw materials sought by manufacturers in MDCs => funds from sales of these resources could help promote development in the LDCs

●Criticism of Rostow:

            1) Based on Western Europe/Anglo-American development pattern and doesn’t account for roadblocks to development like political corruption, capital flight (factory earnings are sent back to banks in MDCs where it cannot be used to further local development in the LDC/NIC) or postcolonial dependency

            2) In the model states are seen as independent agents rather than one piece of an interlocking system of states

Zone 1: CBDà Downtown

Zone 2: Transportation & Industryà Harbors, rail yards, riverfronts

Zone 3: Lower Class Residentialà Generally ethnic neighborhoods

Zone 4: Middle Class Residentialà Suburbs

Zone 5: High Class Residential à Elite (Wealthy)

•Created in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt

•Theorized that cities developed in sectors not rings; can show ethnic variations in the city

•Chicago was the model used for Concentric and Sector Model

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion remembering important events that occurred in that place by labeling a place with a certain character

Ex. My grandmother's house always made me feel safe and loved

-Notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

-Ex. Santa Fe, NM imprinted by Native AmericansàColonial SpainàModern America

Shinto, a set of rituals and customs that are practiced in order to connect with ancient spirits, is a religious tradition that belongs to which of the following nations?

A) Japan

B) China

C) Nepal

D) Bolivia

E) Tibet

Since the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) collapsed, the majority of smaller nations that the USSR formerly aided have...

A) Completely eliminated their sovereign powers

B) Assigned their sovereign powers to other countries

C) Strengthened their sovereign powers

D) Reduced their number of sovereign powers

E) Failed to develop any sovereign powers

Some countries, such as India and Nepal, have treaties that allow citizens to live, work and travel freely in both lands, a practice typically leads to the development of...

A) Opposing national identities

B) Fluid national identiities

C) Rigid national identities

D) Postindustrial national identities

E) Communist national identities

Some geographers argue that a nation in political turmoil can become a democracy more quickly if foreign governments use their military power to influence the nation's affaris. They often cite as a primary example...

A) China following the Boxer Rebellion

B) Germany following World War II

C) Ireland following the Troubles

D) Pakistan following the partician of India

E) Haiti following World War I

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places

-Ex. Increased technology in travel makes it easier to fly from Boston to Paris

People who settle on land they don’t own; focus on idle land so squatters camp overnight with large groups of families also known as land invasion; they set up rudimentary homes and in some places it is illegal for the government to tear it down without court authority so squatters try to achieve legal right to the land (land tenure)

Squatters’ make shift houses are usually on the urban fringe (Ex. The favelas of Brazil or the barriadas of Lima, Peru)

People without a state

Ex. Kurds (Middle East), Basques (Spain/France), Hmong (Asia), Tibetans (China), Palestinians (Middle East), Tamils (Sri Lanka), etc.

-Form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

-Ex. Hamburgers in Hindu dominate India were adapted to garden burger varieties for McDonalds

Suburbanization