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AP Human Geography Barron's Ch.7 Vocab
Agriculture and Rural Geography
52
Geography
9th Grade
11/14/2011

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Term
agribusiness
Definition
set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes; includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products
Term
agriculture
Definition
art and science of producing food from the land and tending to livestock for the purpose of human consumption
Term
animal husbandry
Definition
agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats
Term
biotechnology
Definition
form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants or animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes
Term
captial-intensive agriculture
Definition
form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods, such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods; requires very little human labor
Term
commercial agriculture economy
Definition
all agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling, not necessarily for local consumption
Term
dairying
Definition
agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter
Term
desertification
Definition
process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid, unproductive, and desert-like
Term
domestication
Definition
conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves
Term
extensive agriculture
Definition
agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area
Term
feedlots
Definition
places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; AKA factory farming
Term
fertile crescent
Definition
area located in the crescent shaped zone near the SE Mediterranean coast (including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey) which was once a lush environment and one of the first hearths of domestication, and thus agricultural activity
Term
genetically modified organisms
Definition
foods that are mostly products of organisms that have had their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposed, such as disease resistance, increased productivity, or nutritional value, allowing growers greater control, predictability, and efficiency
Term
Green Revolution
Definition
development of higher-yield and faster-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe
Term
hunting and gathering
Definition
killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance
Term
Industrial Revolution
Definition
rapid economic changes that occurred in agriculture and manufacturing in England in the late 18th century and that rapidly spread to other parts of the developed world
Term
intensive cultivation
Definition
any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on spall plots of land to maximize crop yield
Term
labor-intensive agriculture
Definition
type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful
Term
livestock ranching
Definition
extensive commercial agriculture activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates in the American West
Term
mechanization
Definition
in agriculture the replacement of human labor with technology or machines
Term
slash and burn agriculture
Definition
system of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground and then burned. The fire introduces nutrients into the soil, thereby making it productive for a relatively short period of time
Term
shifting cultivation
Definition
use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost. Plots are then abandoned, and farmers move on to new sites
Term
salinization
Definition
process that occurs when soil in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile
Term
plantation
Definition
large, frequently foreign-owned piece of agricultural land devoted to the production of a single export crop
Term
planned agricultural economy
Definition
agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution
Term
pesticides
Definition
chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals
Term
pastoralism
Definition
type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter
Term
subsistence agricultural economy
Definition
any farm economy in which most crops are grown for nearly exclusive family or local consumption
Term
mediterranean agriculture
Definition
agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climate of W. Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, nuts, fruits and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations
Term
specialty crops
Definition
crops including items like peanuts and pineapples which are produced usually in developing countries for export
Term
urban sprawl
Definition
process of urban areas expanding outward, usually in the form of suburbs and developing over fertile agricultural lands
Term
swidden
Definition
land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash and burn method
Term
topsoil loss
Definition
loss of the top fertile layer of soil through erosion. Tremendous problem in areas with fragile soils, steep slopes, or torrential seasonal rains
Term
transhumance
Definition
movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highlands in the summer
Term
Von Thunen Model
Definition
agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in the terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive, with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less
Term
cereal grain
Definition
a grass yielding a grain for food
Term
winter wheat
Definition
wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer
Term
winnow
Definition
to remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away in the wind
Term
wet rice
Definition
rice planted on a dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Term
vegetated planted
Definition
production of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
Term
truck farming
Definition
commercial gardening and fruit farming, named because truck was a middle english word meaning bartering
Term
thresh
Definition
to beat grain from stalks by trampling it
Term
spring wheat
Definition
wheat planted in the spring and harvested in late summer
Term
sawah
Definition
a flooded field for rice growing
Term
reaper
Definition
a machine that cuts grain standing in a field
Term
ranching
Definition
form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
Term
paddy
Definition
Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah
Term
milk shed
Definition
area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Term
hull
Definition
outer covering of a seed
Term
grain
Definition
seed of a cereal grass
Term
double cropping
Definition
harvesting twice a year from the same field
Term
combine
Definition
a machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field
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