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AP Human Geography Barron's Ch.6 Vocab
Economic Geography
68
Geography
9th Grade
01/09/2012

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Term
agglomeration
Definition
grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources
Term
ancillary activities
Definition
economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food services
Term
anthropocentric
Definition
human centered; in sustainable development, anthropocentric refers to ideas that focus solely on the needs of people without considering the creatures with whom we share the planet or the ecosystems upon which we depend
Term
backwash effect
Definition
negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region
Term
break-bulk point
Definition
location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets
Term
brick and mortar business
Definition
traditional business with actual stores in which trades or retail occurs; it does not exist solely on the internet
Term
bulk gaining industries
Definition
industries whose products weigh more after assembly than they did previously in their constituent parts
Term
bulk reducing industry
Definition
industries whose products weigh less than their constituent parts, and whose processing facilities tend to be located close to sources of raw materials.
Term
conglomerate corporation
Definition
a firm that is comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions
Term
core
Definition
national or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated
Term
core-periphery model
Definition
model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependance on a developed core region
Term
cottage industry
Definition
an industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories
Term
deglomeration
Definition
the dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration
Term
deindustrialization
Definition
loss of industrial activity in a region
Term
development
Definition
process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional resource potential
Term
E-Commerce
Definition
web-based economic activities
Term
economic backwaters
Definition
regions that fail to gain from national economic development.
Term
ecotourism
Definition
form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way
Term
export-processing zone
Definition
areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries
Term
fast world
Definition
areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high speed telecommunications and transportation technologies
Term
footloose firms
Definition
manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm
Term
Fordism
Definition
system of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford
Term
foreign investment
Definition
overseas investments made by private companies
Term
gender equity
Definition
measure of the opportunities given to women compared to men within a given country
Term
globalization
Definition
idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected on a global scale such that smaller scales of political and economic life are becoming obsolete
Term
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Definition
total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year
Term
Gross National Product (GNP)
Definition
total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year
Term
Human Development Index (HDI)
Definition
measure used by the UN that calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare; evaluates on 3 parameters: life expectancy, education, and income
Term
Industrial Revolution
Definition
rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century
Term
industrialization
Definition
process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass producing foods. At the highest levels, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information
Term
industrialized countries
Definition
Those countries including Britain, France, USA, Russia, Germany and Japan, that were all at the forefront of industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20th century. While industry is currently shifting to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor and more relaxed environmental standards, these countries still account for a large portion of the world's total industrial output
Term
least-cost theory
Definition
A concept developed by Alfred WEber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration and deglomeration
Term
least developed country
Definition
Those countries including countries in Africa (except South Africa) and parts of South America and Asia that usually have low per capita incomes and generally low standards of living
Term
manufacturing region
Definition
A region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together. The major US industrial region has historically been in the Great Lakes (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania) Industrial regions also exist in SE Brazil, Central England, around Tokyo, Japan, and elsewhere
Term
maquiladoras
Definition
Those US firms that have factories just outside the US/Mexico borders in areas that have been specifically designated by the Mexican government. In such areas, factories cheaply assemble goods for export back into the US
Term
Net National Product
Definition
a measure of call goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss of degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity
Term
nonrenewable resources
Definition
natural resources (fossil fuels) that do not replenish themselves in a timeframe that is relevant for human consumption
Term
offshore financial center
Definition
areas that have been specifically designated to promote business transactions and thus have become centers for banking and finance
Term
outsourcing
Definition
Sending industrial processes out for external production. The term increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low
Term
periphery
Definition
countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita, and generally low standards of living. World economic (term) includes Africa (excluding S. Africa), parts of south America, and Asia
Term
primary economic activities
Definition
economic activities in which natural resources are made available for use or further processing, including mining, agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Term
productivity
Definition
measure of the goods and services produced within a particular country
Term
purchasing power parity
Definition
monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries
Term
quaternary economic activities
Definition
economic activities concerned with research, information gathering, and administration
Term
quinary economic activities
Definition
the most advanced form of quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research
Term
regionalization
Definition
the process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country. In economic geography, it involves the development of dominant economic activities in particular regions
Term
renewable resources
Definition
any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of a human life
Term
Rostow's stages of development
Definition
a model economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages, transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countiries
Term
Rust Belt
Definition
manufacturing region in the US that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental standards
Term
secondary economic activites
Definition
economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation
Term
semi-periphery
Definition
those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia; offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor
Term
service-based economies
Definition
highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications
Term
slow world
Definition
the developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology
Term
spatially fixed costs
Definition
an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located
Term
spatially variable costs
Definition
an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs
Term
specialty goods
Definition
goods that are not mass produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities
Term
sustainable development
Definition
idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same
Term
tertiary economic activities
Definition
activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services
Term
transnational corporation
Definition
a firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries, AKA multinational corporations
Term
world cities
Definition
a group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce
Term
World-System Theory
Definition
Theory developed by Immanual Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in the terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present
Term
gender empowerment measure (GEM)
Definition
compares the ability of women and men who participate in economic and political decision making
Term
gender related development index (GDI)
Definition
compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
Term
literacy rate
Definition
percent of a country's people who can read and write
Term
more developed countries (MDC)
Definition
country that has progressed relatively far along the continuum of development
Term
less developed countries (LDC)
Definition
country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Term
structural adjustment program
Definition
economic polices imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations and charging citizens for more services
Term
value added
Definition
gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
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