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AP Human - Chapter 8 Barrons
Chapter 8 Barrons Review
98
Geography
9th Grade
03/21/2009

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
When did first cities arise?
Definition
Thousands of years ago
Term
Where did first cities arise?
Definition
where agriculture had gained an early foothold
Term
Where did surplus crops first arise? (actual place names) (4)
Definition
-Middle East
-China
-Peru
-Mississippi Valley
Term
Specialization in occupations fueled ______________ and increased demand for ______________?
Definition
the growth of cities and increased demand for more agricultural products
Term
In Europe, which two cities grew markedly?
Definition
-Athens
-Rome
Term
During which time period did Athens and Rome grow markedly?
Definition
Classical Period
Term
Interrupting of the blossoming of urban life in Europe, and Western culture lapsed into a stagnant period of few intellectual advances or cultural endeavors, which time period was this?
Definition
Middle Ages, "dark ages"
Term
What did the feudal system do? Where did it mostly take place? What time period did it take place in?
Definition
Dominating Europe during the Middle Ages, it discouraged urbanism and confined most people to lives as uneducated peasant-farmers.
Term
What are feudal cities?
Definition
Cities that arose during the Middle Ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.
Term
Where were cities prospering during the dark ages, Middle Ages? (6)
Definition
-outside Europe
-Middle East
-Far East
-Indian subcontinent
-Mesoamerica
-South America
Term
When did the Renaissance Period occur?
Definition
1350-1650
Term
What happened during the Renaissance Period?
Definition
European culture was reborn, cities became vibrant centers of learning
Term
When did the Hundred Years War end?
Definition
1453
Term
What are the great European cities that emerged during the Renaissance Period? (6)
Definition
-Dublin
-Madrid
-Prague
-Vienna
-Amsterdame
-Barcelona
Term
During the Renaissance Period, northern and Western Europe began to compete in which? (3)
Definition
-size
-wealth
-complexity
Term
When did the Colonial Period occur?
Definition
From start of Renaissance thru the 19th Century
Term
During the Colonial Period, where did most of the world's greatest cities and most sophisticated cultures were located?
Definition
Americas
Term
During the Colonial Period, which city was the largest and richest?
Definition
Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
Term
What tore the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan apart? (3)
Definition
European trickery, armaments, diseases
Term
What are colonial cities?
Definition
Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cites, compleately overating their infrastructures.
Term
Tenochtitlan is nearest which large city?
Definition
Mexico City
Term
When did urbanism really explode? What is the name for the time period? Where did it begin? Where did it spread?
Definition
18th century, Industrial Revolution, England, Western Europe and North America
Term
In the US, what two cities stimulated tremendous population growth? The became centers for what? (4)
Definition
-Manchester
-Chicago

they became centers for:
-processing
-manufacturing
-shipping
-financing
Term
By 1930, _______ had over 3 million inhabitants, one of the world's fastest growing industrial centers.
Definition
Chicago
Term
Immigrants in Chicago created? (2)
Definition
-cultural diversity
-urban unrest
Term
African Americans from Mississippi, Louisiana and elsewhere migrated to Chicago hoping to flee the _______________ & hope to _____________________?
Definition
oppressively racist South, take advantage of new opportunities in urban factories
Term
Competition for homes/jobs in Chicago led to? (2)
Which led to what?
Definition
-suspicion
-prejudice

Which led to: Chicago race riots of 1919
Term
When did Chicago begin to develop ghettos?
Definition
about 100 years ago
Term
What are two examples of gateway cities?
Definition
-New York
-San Francisco
Term
Why did New York and San Francicso grow in the 19th century?
Definition
strategic economic advantages owing to their locations
Term
What are gateway cities?
Definition
Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.
Term
What was the Industrial Revolution?
Definition
Period characterize by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occured in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world.
Term
Which two cities have been called "the gateway to the West"?
Definition
-St. Louis
-San Francisco
Term
When was gold discovered?
Definition
1849
Term
Where was gold discovered?
Definition
California's Sierra Nevada Mountains
Term
Comparing cities in different regions?
Definition
provides a great way for understanding the structures of urban environments.
Term
Cities are frequently products of?
Definition
-similar cultures
-related histories
Term
When did many of Europe's great cities matured?
Definition
Medieval Period
Term
What are Medieval Cities?
Definition
Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, and ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.
Term
Since the Medieval Period, many such cities have? (3)
Definition
-jumped their walls
-spread out to the surrounding contryside
-still contain a central medieval core
Term
Example of Medieval Cities in Italy? (2)
Definition
-Montepulciano
-Assisi
Term
What is an example of an Islamic city?
Definition
Mecca in Saudi Arabia
Term
What is the basis for an Islamic city?
Definition
teachings of Muslim faith
Term
What are Islamic Cities?
Definition
Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities.
Term
What color are Islamic buildings? Why? What about the roofs?
Definition
-light colored surfaces reflect sunlight
-roofs designed to capture and recycle rainwater efficiently
Term
What are Latin American cities?
Definition
Cities in Latin America that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise od industrialization, and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other coloinal cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the central buisness district (CBD), where most industrial and financial activity occurs.
Term
How are Latin American cities laid out?
Definition
distintive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out like the spokes of a wheel from the CBD
Term
What is an example of a Latin American city?
Definition
Mexico City
Term
What was the Beaux Arts?
Definition
This movement within city planning and urban design that stressed the marriage of older, classical formes with newer, industrial ones. COmmon characteristics of this period include wide throughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity.
Term
Where was the beaux arts centered in? (2)
Definition
-Paris
-Vienna
Term
What was the City Beautiful movement?
Definition
Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.
Term
What is an example of the City Beautiful movement?
Definition
Chicago
Term
Where can one find Modern Architecture?
This was the world's greatest expression of modernist planning.
Definition
Brasilia, Brazil
Term
What is Modern Architecture?
Definition
Point of view, wherein cities and buildings are thought to act like well-oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. Efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for 1/2 a century while this view prevailed.
Term
Modern architecture conveys a sense of??? (3)
Definition
-futuristic order
-scientific progress
-industry
Term
When did Modern Architecture come into effect?
Definition
Mid-20th Century
Term
What is Postmodern Architecture?
Definition
A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasent-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-frendly than their modernist predecessors.
Term
What are the three models of urban environments?
Definition
-concentric zone model
-hoyt sector model
-multiple nuclei model
Term
What is the concentric zone model?
Definition
Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from a central core, or central business district.
Term
What is the relationship between land value and space in the concentric zone model?
Definition
The value of land decreases as you go farther out from the CBD and in the last ring it spikes up again because of the vast open expanses of land.
Term
What is an example of the concentric zone model?
Definition
Chicago
Term
What is the multiple nuclei model?
Definition
Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.
Term
What does a multiple nuclei model lack?? However it "makes up" with what?
Definition
A city that adheres to the multiple nuclei model lacks a strong central core or a CBD, but instead had numerous "nodes" of buisness and cultural activity.
Term
What are nodes? An example?
Definition
Geographical centers of activity. A large city, such as Los Angeles, has numerous nodes.
Term
What are some of Los Angeles' nodes?
Definition
-Santa Monica
-Hollywood
-Westwood
-Pasadena
Term
What is the Sector Model?
Definition
A model or urban land us that places the CBD in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.
Term
What are examples of corridors in a sector model? (3)
What do they affect? (2)
Definition
-wide boulevards
-train tracks
-waterways

they affect:

-land values
-certain types of development
Term
What is an example of the sector model?
Definition
Mexico City
Term
What are examples of multiple nuclei model locally?
Definition
Boca, Boynton, Ft. Laud, Miami (South Florida)
Term
When trying to group cities into categories and model types, what does one have to remember?
Definition
Cities don't match any model perfectly and that each city's urban organization is tied to both to its unique history and physical geography.
Term
During the 20th century what trend was developing in the US and Europe?
Definition
ghettoization of inner cities
Term
What is ghettoization?
Definition
A process occuring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.
Term
What are suburbs?
Definition
Residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogenous in terms of population.
Term
What is inner city decay?
Definition
Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.
Term
What were two cities that experianced inner city decay?
Definition
-Detroit, Michigan
-Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Term
Which cities have reversed the inner city decay?
Definition
Pittsburgh, Baltimore
Term
What is urban revitalization?
Definition
The process occuring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.
Term
What is another name for young urban professionals?
Definition
yuppies
Term
What is gentrification?
Definition
A trend of middle- and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods.
Term
What is the most important factor affecting the development of contemporary cities?
Definition
transportation
Term
What is limited by their transportation options?
Definition
People's mobility
Term
What is an example of the typical urban sprawl in the US?
Definition
Los Angeles
Term
What is urban sprawl?
Definition
The process of expansive suburban development over areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary source of transportation.
Term
What does urban sprawl increase? (4)
Definition
-segregation
-pollution caused by long car commutes
-degrades a sense of community that people who live close to the places where they work tend to have
-takes up open spaces important for public recreation and wildlife habitat
Term
What is segregation?
Definition
The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to subruban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city.
Term
What is an exurbanite?
Definition
Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.
Term
What has urban sprawl induce the formation of?
Definition
edge cities
Term
What are edge cities?
Definition
Cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decetralized suburban environment.
Term
What is an example of the edge city? Where is it near?
Definition
Tyson's Corner, Virginia;
Washington D.C.
Term
How did Europeans an Canadians managed to limit urban sprawl?
Definition
-long-range planning
-efficient public transportation
-establisment of urban growth boundaries
Term
What are urban growth boundaries? Example of city with a good urban growth boundaries?
Definition
Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

Toronto, Canada
Term
Toronto Canada uses what to create a livable and sustainable urban environment? (3)
Definition
-smart growth policies
-efficient transportation networks
-consolidated regional government
Term
Which city in the US tried to incorporate an urban growth boundary model?
Definition
Portland, Oregon
Term
What does the U.S. Census Bureau define cities as?
Definition
by their metropolitan areas
Term
What are metropolitan areas?
Definition
Within the US, an urban area consisting of one or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.
Term
A city is not solely contained within its spatially defined city limits, it is more accurately conceived in terms of ???
Definition
social and economic relationships within its region
Term
What are metropolitan areas based on?
Definition
Central Place Theory
Term
What is Central Place Theory?
Definition
A theory formed by Walter Christaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.
So according to the central place theory, large cities serve as the economic hucs of their regions because they provide a great variety of goods and services that aren't available in smaller communities.
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