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| Anew provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states |
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| Those who favor aweaker national government |
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| Articles of the Confederation |
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| A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. |
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| first ten amendments of the Constitution |
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| Authority shared by three branches of government |
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| Powers shared by the national and state governments |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution |
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| Powers given to the national government alone |
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| A law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed |
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| Government authority shared by national and local governments |
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| Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state |
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| An order to produce an arrested person before a judge |
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| A human right based on nature or God |
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| An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature |
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| Proposal too create a weak national government |
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| A government in which elected representatives make the decisions |
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| Powers given to the state government alone |
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| Constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government |
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| A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiewrs attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. |
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| Proposal to create a strong national government |
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| Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington |
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| terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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| Federal grants for specific purposes, such as buildin an airport |
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| The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states |
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| (1789 to 1901) Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in thiers, and the two spheres should be kept separate ; a era during which there was little collaboration between the national and state governments |
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| Cooperative federalism (1900s-1970s) is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the 19th-century's dual federalism) or clashing over a policy in a system dominated by the national government. ; a period marked by greater cooperation and collaboration between the various levels of government. It was during this era that the national income tax and the grant-in-aid system were authorized in response to social and economic problems confronting the nation |
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| New Federalism is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states. The primary objective of New Federalism, unlike that of the eighteenth-century political philosophy of Federalism, is the restoration to the states of some of the autonomy and power which they lost to the federal government as a consequence of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. (10th Am.) |
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| (1970 to the present) characterized by shifts in the intergovernmental grant system, the growth of unfunded federal mandates, concerns about federal regulations, and continuing disputes over the nature of the federal systems |
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| a federal law or regulation that contains language explicitly displacing or superseding any contrary state or local laws |
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| Money given by the national government to the states |
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| A federal or regulation that contains language conflicting with state or local laws, that cannot be effectively implemented due to such laws, or that concerns matters in which Washington possesses exclusinve constittuional powers (such as treaty-making) or "occupies the field" (like federal employment security and retirement laws) |
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| Process that permits voters to put legislature measures directly on the ballot |
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| Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
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| Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution |
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| The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution |
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| State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and moralists |
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| Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected offical from office |
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| Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |
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| Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states |
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| the flow of power and money from the states to local governments |
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| the increased role of nonprofit organizations and private groups in policy implementation |
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| a decsision by an administratibe agency granting some other oart permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it |
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| An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution |
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| a 1913 book by American historian Charles A. Beard. It argues that the structure of the Constitution of the United States was motivated primarily by the personal financial interests of the Founding Fathers. More specifically, Beard contends that the Constitutional Convention was attended by, and the Constitution was therefore written by, a "cohesive" elite seeking to protect its personal property (especially bonds) and economic standing |
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| (in the US) a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. |
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| The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is the era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific, and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. |
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| James Madison's essay claiming:liberty is safest in a large republic where many interests compete. Such diversity make tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will need to be more moderate' ; on factions in the U.S. |
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| The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
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| John Locke was a seventeenth-century English philosopher whose writings on political theory and government profoundly affected U.S. law and society. It is chiefly from Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1690) that U.S. politics takes its core premises of the ultimate sovereignty of the people, the necessity of restraints on the exercise of Arbitrary power by the executive or the legislature, and the ability of the people to revoke their social contract with the government when power has been arbitrarily used against them. The Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution are testaments to many of Locke's central ideas. |
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| Fundamental human rights based on universal natural law, as opposed to those based on man-made positive law. Although there is no unanimity as to which right is natural and which is not, the widely held view is that nature endows every human (without any distinction of time or space, and without any regard to age, gender, nationality, or race) with certain inalienable rights (such as the right to 'life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness') which cannot be abrogated or interfered with by any government. And that, whether or not these rights are enshrined in a national legal code, no government is lawful if it fails to upholds them. |
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| Majoritarianism is a traditional political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. This traditional view has come under growing criticism and democracies have increasingly included constraints in what the parliamentary majority can do, in order to protect citizens' fundamental rights. |
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| Second Treatise on Government |
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| a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilised society based on natural rights and contract theory. |
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| an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects. |
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| The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman. |
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| A group with distinct political interest |
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| Those who favor a stronger national government |
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