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| approach to judicial review which holds that judges should discover the general principles underlying the Constitution and its often vague language |
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| "friend of the court." Refers to interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs or oral arguments in support of one side. |
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| the scope of authority by which a higher court reviews a case from a lower court |
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| legal document submitted by lawyers to courts. Sets forth the facts of a case, summarizes any lower court decisions, gives the arguments for the side represented by the lawyer filing the brief, and discusses related cases |
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| a pattern of voting behavior of two or more justices |
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| rules defining relationships among private citizens |
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| case brought into count by a person on behalf of not only himself or herself but all other persons in similar circumstances |
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| opinion by one or more justices who agree with majority opinion but for different reasons |
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lower federal courts created by Congress which exercise the jedicial powers delineated in article 3. Judges enjoy two constitutional protections
1. Serve "during good behavior"
2. Salaries may not be reduced while in office |
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| federal courts that have the authority to review decisions by federal district courts, regulatory commissions, and certain other federal courts. No original jurisdiction, only hear appeals. |
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| body of rules defining offenses that are considered to be offenses against society as a whole and for which conviction could result in a prison term. |
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| opinion of the justices of the losing side |
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| lowest federal courts where federal cases begin. Only federal courts where trials are held. |
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| jurisdiction conferred by the constitution on federal courts to hear cases involving citizens of different states. Must involve $50,000+ and parties have the option of commencing his suit in state court. |
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| a ruling that declared that blacks could not be federal citizens |
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| jurisdiction conferred by the constitution on federal courts to hear all cases "arising under the Constitution, the laws of the US, and treaties" |
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