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| transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to another neuron or effector |
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| (neuroglia) encase axons with lipids and proteins-myelin- PNS |
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| surrounds the myelin sheath |
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| gaps between Schwann cells |
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| 99% of neurons, many processes, and most neurons of the CNS |
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| One processs, ganglia of PNS, sensory |
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| Two processes, eyes, ears, nose |
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| faster than impulses along unmyelinated axons; speed up neurotansmission |
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neurons receives input from several neurons,
incoming impulses represent information from different types of sensory receptors,
allows nervous system to collect, proccess, nd respond to information,
makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources |
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one neuron sends impulses to several neurons
can simplify an impulse
impulse from a single neuron in CNS may be amplified to activate enough motor units needed for muscle contraction |
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- Functions of the nervous system |
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| detect changes in the body, make decisions, stimulate glands or muscles, and help maintain homeostasis |
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- Divisions of the nervous system |
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Central Nervous System(CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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Sensory- afferent, carry impulse to CNS, mostly unipolor, some are bipolar
Interneurons- link neurons, relay information, multipolar, located in CNS
Motor- multipolor, carry impulses away from the CNS, carry impulses to effectors |
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- Types and functions of neuroglial cells |
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Astrocytes- CNS, connect neurons to blood vessels, aid metabolism of certain substances(glucose), scar tissue, induce synapse formation, part of blood brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes- CNS, myelinating cell
Microglia- CNS, phagocytic cell, proliferate in response to injury
Ependyma or ependymal- CNS, ciliated, line central canal of spinal cord, line ventricles of brain
PNS neuroglial cells- Schwann cells(produce myelin found on the peripheral myelinated neurons, speed up neurotransmitters), Satellite cells(support clusters of neuron cell bodies-ganglia) |
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White- contains myelinated axons, considered fiber tracts, epidermal
Gray- contains unmyelinated structures, cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelated axons, internal, thick, 1 to 5 mm |
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Understand all aspects of synaptic transmission |
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| The neurotransmitter must be synthesized and stored into the vesicles so when the action potential arrives, it can easily move to the next neuron. Once arrived, the neurotransmitter must be quickly released from the terminal into the post sypnatic cleft. Next, the neurotransmitter must be recongized by receptors on the post synaptic membrane . Lastly, the neurotransmitter must be inactivated in the case that a new action potential comes around. If not inactivated the neurotransmitter can block the new action potential from coming through or reoccupy the receptor constantly |
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Action potential versus resting potential |
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ACTION= Sodium is entering the the cell and potassium is leaving, the cell is being depolarized
RESTING- potassium is entering and sodium is leaving, making the cell polarized. The difference btw the inside and outside of the cell is considered -70m V |
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| made in choroid plexuses serves as cushion for the brain |
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| tiny, reddish cauliflower like masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater; secrete CSF |
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regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas
widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
analyze and interpret sensory experiences
provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions |
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| anterior to primary motor cortex, usually in left hemisphere, controls muscles needed for speech |
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| Sensory speech area- temporal/parietal lobe, usually left hemis.,understanding and formulating language |
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Dura mater- made up of layer of dense connective tissue, endosteum, skull,outermost layer,blood vessels and nerves, dural cavities, attaches to the cranial cavity
Arachnoid- between dura and pia, doesnt have blood vessels, thin stands connect arachnoide and pia mater, subarchnoid space
Pia mater- most inner layer, has choroid plexsuses, follows irregular contours, attaches to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, has blood vessels and nerves |
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| - Function of the ventricles * |
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| Interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stems; 1st- left; 2nd-right(both extend anteriorly and posteriorly into the hemispheres)3rd- communicates with the lateral ventricles through openings in its anterior end; 4th- in the brainstem, connects to the 3rd ventricle |
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- Functions of the spinal cord |
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| center for spinal reflexes, conduit(pathway) for impulses to and from the brain |
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| - Pathway of a reflex arc |
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| receptor to sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron to effector |
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- Functions of the brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem |
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Brain: Interprets sensations, determines perception, stores memory, reasoning, making decisions, coordinates muscular movements, regulates visceral activities, and determines personality
Cerebrum: Interpreting impulses, initiating voluntary movements, storing information as memory, retrieving stored information, reasoning, and seat of intelligence and personality
Cerebellum: integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts, coordinates skeletal muscle activity, maintains posture |
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Know the sensory areas of the cerebrum |
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Cutaneous- parietal lobe, interprets sensation on skin
Sensory speech( Wernicke's area)- temporal/parietal lobe, usually left hemisphere, understanding aand formulating language
Visual- occiptal lobe, interprets vision
Auditory- temporal lobe, interprets hearing
Taste- near base of the cenral sulcus
Smell- arises from centers deep within the cerebrum |
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- Functions of the following Diencephalon structures: Thalamus,
hypothalamus,
infundibulum,
pituitary,
pineal gland |
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Thalamus- gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex, receives all sensory impulses(except smell), channels impulses to appropiate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation
Hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities, links nervous and endocrine systems(some say the neuroendocrine system)
Pituary gland- maintain homeostasis, temp. control |
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- Functions of the Limbic system,
including the amygdala
and the hippocampus |
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| Controls emotions, produce feelings, and interprets sensory impulses associated with smell |
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- Divisions of the peripheral nervous system: Somatic v/s Autonomic |
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Somatic- cranial and spinal nerves fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles(conscious activities)
Autonomic- fibers that connect to CNS to viscera such as the heart, stomach, intestines, and various glands, controls subconscious actions |
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detect movement
Ex. touch,pressure,vibration |
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detect chemicals
Ex. Odors |
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| detect temperature change |
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- Know the structures of the eye |
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| Accessory Structures- Eyebrow(protects from sweat and shade from sun); Eyelid/Eyelashes(protects from foreign objects and lubricates by blinking); Conjunctiva(thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid); Lacrimal apparatus(produces tears); Extrinsic eye muscles(help move eyeball) |
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| - Understand how light passes through the eye |
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| Cornea- Aqueous Humor(Anterior cavity)-Pupil- Lens- Viqueous Humor(Posterior cavity)-Retina(horizontal and bipolar cells)- Ganglian cells-optic nerve |
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- Know the structures of the ear |
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- Understand how sound waves pass through the ear |
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| auricle-external auditory meatus -typanic membrane-malleus, incus, stapes-oval window-organ of coth- cochlea-temporal lobe |
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