largely collagen and inorganic salts

Collagen gives bone resilience; Inorganic salts make bone hard

ridge-like projection

• Gives shape to head, etc.

• Supports body’s weight

• Protects lungs, etc.

• Bones and muscles interact when limbs or body parts move

  Spongy                        

With air spaces

Has red bone marrow

Makes up all the red blood cells

Not solid

Compact Bone- solid, dense; forms the hollow shaft of long bones; has yellow bone marrow(stores fat)

Difference between intramembranous bone and endochondral bones

                  Intramembranous Ossification

 These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues;They are the broad, flat bones;Flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones; Osteoblasts are born forming cells

Endochondral Ossification

Bones begin as hyaline cartilage; Form models for future bones; These are most bones of the skeleton; Cartilage cells die and breakdown; Periosteum forms;Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone;Then compact bone is deposited

Zone of resting cartilage (1

st layer of cells); Closest to the end of epiphysis; Resting cells;Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis;

Zone of proliferating cartilage (2

nd layer of cells); Many rows of young cells; Undergoing mitosis

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage (3rd layer of cells); Older cells ;Left behind when new cells appear; Cells enlarging and becoming calcified

Zone of calcified cartilage (4th layer of cells); Thin;Dead cells; Calcified extracellular matrix

Magnesium ions; Sodium ions; Potassium ions; Carbonate ions

• Axial Skeleton

• Skull

•Vertebral column

• Hyoid bone

• Thoracic cage

• Appendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral girdle

• Upper limbs

• Pelvic girdle

• Lower limbs

the study of muscloskeletal movement

Most complex; allow free movement 

Structural Classification of joints- 1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial

1) Fibrous joints

Dense connective tissues connect

bones

Between bones in close contact

(2) Cartilaginous joints

 Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

connect bones

(3) Synovial joints

Most complex

Allow free movement

Functional Classification of joints- 1) Synarthrotic 2) Amphiarthrotic 3) Diarthrotic

• Synarthrotic joints

considered immovable

•Amphiarthrotic joints

Slightly movable

• Diarthrotic joints

Freely movable

            - 3 types of Fibrous joints 1) Syndesmosis 2) Suture 3) Gomphosis

• Syndesmosis:

A sheet or bundle of fibrous tissue connecting bones

 Lies between tibia and fibula

Amphiarthritic

Suture:        

 Between flat bones

Teeth-like projections

Thin layer of connective tissue connects bones

Skull

synarthritic

•Gomphosis:

Cone-shaped bony process in a socket

Tooth in jawbone

Synarthritic

            - 2 types of Cartilaginous  joints 1) Synchondrosis 2) Symphysis

• Synchondrosis:

 Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones

Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages)

Between the costal cartilage and the sternum

Synovial

 Epiphyseal plates (temporary joints)

Synostosis – a bony joint

Synarthotic

•Symphysis:

 Pad of fibrocartilage between bones

Pubic symphysis

Joint between bodies of adjacent vertbrae

 between metacarpals and phalanges; Between radius and carpals

Between carpals

Between tarsals

Between facets of adjacent vertebrae

Elbow joint

Between phalanges

- Know examples (locations in the body) of the following types of synovial joints: saddle

Between carpal and 1st metacarpal of thumb

Process by which individual twitches combine; Produces sustained contractions; Can lead to tetanic contractions

primarily responsible for movement

contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover

Differences between the 3 types of muscle tissue

• Skeletal Muscle

Usually attached to bones; Voluntary; Somatic; Striated

• Smooth Muscle 

 Walls of most viscera, blood vessels and skin; Involuntary; Autonomic; Not striated

• Cardiac Muscle

Wall of heart;Involuntary; Autonomic; Striated

- Understand how a muscle contracts and relaxes on the molecular level. Excitation-Contraction Coupling along with Cross Bridge Cycling

Two energy sources used for muscle contraction

1) Creatine phosphate

2) Cellular respiration

Difference between slow, fast, and intermediate fibers

Slow-twitch fibers (Type I)

Always oxidative; Resistant to fatigue; Red fibers; Most myoglobin; Good blood supply

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)

 White fibers (less myoglobin); Poorer blood supply; Fewer michondria; More SR; Susceptible to fatigue  

Fast-twitch fatigue-resistant fibers (Type IIa)

Intermediate fibers; Oxidative; Intermediate amount of myoglobin; Pink to red in color; Resistant to fatigue