Term
_________ is the jumping of action potential from one cell to another |
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Definition
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Term
________ is the transfer of AP from one neuron to another |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the transfer of AP from a neuron to a muscle |
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Definition
Neuromuscular transmission |
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Term
________ refers to gross movement that involves using muscles to move |
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Definition
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Term
_________ muscle is responsible for motor movement. |
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Definition
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Term
_______ are neurons that connect to skeletal muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
Explain in detail the path of AP to skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
_________ refers to the action of the vesicle "bursting" on the side connected to the muscle membrane to release Ach into interstitial fluid |
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Definition
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Term
There are ________# of Ach molecules per vesicle |
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Definition
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Term
Each Ach receptor binds ____# Ach molecules |
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Definition
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Term
The Ach receptor is made up of ____# subunits |
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Definition
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Term
Name the 5 subunits of the Ach receptor |
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Definition
2 alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1 delta |
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Term
The Ach receptor is also a _____ channel, which is a ______-gated channel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
_______ is also referred to as the "motor end plate" |
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Definition
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Term
______ is an enzyme that immediate stops the AP, shutting the Na+ gate |
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Definition
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Term
______# vesicles must open simultaneously to dump Ach |
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Definition
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Term
___% of Ach is lost in the synaptic cleft |
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Definition
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Term
________ is a chemical that carries nerve impulse info. from one cell to another |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
NTs are present and synthesized in the post-synaptic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Direct application of NT to post synaptic membrane has less of an effect as the stimulation of the pre-synaptic membrane |
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Definition
F
same (you don't really need the pre-synaptic membrane) |
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Term
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are _______ receptors |
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Definition
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Term
________ receptors are in the NMJ and nerve synapses |
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Definition
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Term
______ receptors are in the cardiac/smooth muscle and glands |
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Definition
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Term
Nicotonic receptors have __# isoforms |
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Definition
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Term
Muscarinic receptors have __# isoforms |
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Definition
5 - 2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 gamma, 1 delta |
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Term
______ is a blocker/inhibitor in nicotinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is a blocker/inhibitor in muscarinic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
Curare and atropine are ________ inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that results in _______ |
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Definition
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Term
Clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that results in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Some insecticides can act as Ach mimics or AchE, damaging the membrane by overstimulating the NMJ, aka ________ |
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Definition
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Term
______ muscle accounts for 30-40% of body mass |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
______ is anchored at the z-line, but discontinuous in the middle |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the space where the actin discontinuous (horizontally) |
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Definition
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Term
_____ is the area from one myosin to another (horizontally) |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the flimsy internal membrane that wraps around the sarcomere |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the faint line that runs vertically in between z-lines and anchors the myosin |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the window from one z-line to another |
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Definition
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Term
_________ are filamentous proteins made up of actin and myosin |
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Definition
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Term
_____ is at the end of an actin filament that attaches to the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
______ is at the end of an actin filament that discontinuous |
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Definition
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Term
_____ are the infolding of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane at the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
A ______ is a group of myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the area from one end of a myosin filament to the other end |
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Definition
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Term
______ is a protein that anchors the actin filament to the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is a protein that anchors myosin to the m-line |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the coiled, stringy protein that anchors myosin to the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is a long string of sarcomeres |
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Definition
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Term
Myofibrils bundled together create _______, which are myofibrils wrapped in sarcolemma |
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Definition
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Term
______ stores calcium around the z-line |
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Definition
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Term
________ = muscle cell shortening |
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Definition
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Term
During a contraction, what happens to the: H-zone? I-band? A-band? |
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Definition
H - shrinks I - shrinks A - nothing |
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Term
_________ describes the active sliding of think filament INWARD over the surface of a thick filament |
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Definition
Sliding Filament Hypothesis |
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Term
______ is the filamentous protein that wraps around over the top of an actin filament (F and G actin) to mask the binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
_______ have Ca++ binding sites |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the whole string of filamentous actin |
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Definition
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Term
Each individual ball of actin (globular actin) is _______ |
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Definition
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Term
Name the 3 parts of actin |
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Definition
1. filamentous actin 2. tropomyosin 3. troponin |
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Term
_______ refers to the head of myosin |
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Definition
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Term
_______ refers to the tail of myosin |
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Definition
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Term
The main function of the ______ is to carry AP to center of muscle cell |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the receptor on the membrane of a T-tubule |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the receptor on the membrane of the lateral sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
What 2 things does Ca++ do to cause the muscle to contract? |
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Definition
1. binds to myosin ATP-ase (allows ATP to be bound) 2. binds to troponin binding site (causes TTC to change shape) |
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Term
Myosin and actin form a ________ when their binding sites touch |
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Definition
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Term
_____ is the shortening of the sarcomere that causes muscle contraction |
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Definition
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Term
______ is the Ca++ binding protein responsible for stopping muscle contraction by carrying Ca++ back to the pump, which has a high ______ for Ca++ (it acts like a sponge) |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is another Ca++ binding protein? |
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Definition
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Term
_________ describe the parts of the muscle that are elastic (not contractile) that allow the muscle to relax; e.g. titin, z-line, sarcolemma, connective tissue, tendons, ligaments |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the general stiffening of skeletal muscles when you die |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Massive depolarization 2. lots Ca++ 3. many crossbridges 4. no more ATP 5. muscles locked in contraction 6. lysosomes rupture and slowly leak enzymes that relax muscle |
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Term
______ is the force of contraction |
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Definition
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Term
_____ is the resistance to tension |
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Definition
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Term
________ describes typical muscle contraction in which tension is greater than load (e.g. load is moved) |
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Definition
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Term
_______ describes a contraction in which the load is not moved (no appreciable sarcomere shortening) |
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Definition
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Term
Name 3 possible reasons isotonic contraction exists |
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Definition
1. load too heavy 2. load fixed/anchored 3. muscle fixed (someone restricting you) |
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Term
Vt is proportional to axon _______ |
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Definition
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Term
________ is when increasing the intensity of the stimulus voltage will keep giving you the same tension |
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Definition
Motor unit summation/recruitment |
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Term
In a large muscle like the gastrocnemius, one neuron innervates ________# muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
What is the tradeoff to having a large neuron with rapid generation of power? |
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Definition
Fewer neurons = less control
contractions more like "all or none" than graded |
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Term
What is the tradeoff to having fine control of muscles? |
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Definition
less speed/power
graded contractions |
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Term
Small muscles like eye and facial muscles and the larynx have nerves that innvervate ______# muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is when increasing the frequency of the stimulus will result in maximum sustained contraction, or tetany |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the stair-stepped pattern leading up to tetany |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the period after tetany is over |
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Definition
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Term
Name the 4 metabolic fiber types and give an example of each |
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Definition
1. tonic - posture muscles 2. slow phasic - posture and locomotor muscles of sloths 3. fast phasic glycolytic - sprinter 4. fast phasic oxidative - marathon |
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Term
___________ are adaptions in skeletal muscle that allow it to function differently |
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Definition
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Term
_______ is the fiber type that contracts slowly and is resistant to fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
Give 2 reasons why tonic fiber contracts slowly |
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Definition
1. Type 1 myosin ATPase (splits ATP slowly) 2. non-excitable membrane |
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Term
_______ is a type of innervation that requires every single cell to be innervated by a branch of the axon to make sure AP goes through because it is not propogated well |
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Definition
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Term
_________ is the fiber type that contracts RELATIVELY slowly and is also resistant to fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
Slow phasic fiber has Type ____ myosin ATPase, or intermediate turnover myosin ATPase |
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Definition
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Term
Give 5 factors that contribute to the slow contraction of slow phasic fiber |
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Definition
1. Type 2A 2. typical excitable membrane 3. long sarcomeres 4. reduced SR (slow release Ca++) 5. irregular T-tubules |
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Term
Give 2 factors as to why slow phasic fiber is resistant to fatigue |
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Definition
1. cycles at medium rate 2. myoglobin stores oxygen |
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Term
________ is the fiber type that contracts rapidly with power, but fatigues quickly |
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Definition
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Term
Name 4 factors that contribute to why fast phasic glycolytic fiber contracts rapidly |
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Definition
1. type 2B myosin ATPase (high turnover) 2. extensive T-tubule/SR system (fast Ca++ delivery) 3. lots of parvalbumin (fast relaxation) 4. short sarcomere length |
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Term
Why do fast phasic glycolytic fiber have so much power? |
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Definition
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Term
Give 3 reasons why fast phasic glycolytic fibers fatigue quickly |
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Definition
1. glycolysis not efficient at making ATP 2. no myoglobin 3. few to no mitochondria |
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Term
_______ is the oxygen carrying molecule that helps muscle take up oxygen from the blood and stores it for when the muscle needs it to help maintain aerobic metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
________ refers to species with unique lifestyles that incorporate myoglobin, e.g. diving mammals and migratory birds |
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Definition
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