1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. predictions
4. test
5. hypothesis supported(further test) or hypothesis rejected(new or revise hypothesis)

 Be able to understand the 5 environmental factors for the maintenance of life

Positive feedback increases the actions of the body, short-lived, don't require continuous adjustments. ex: blood clotting & child birth. Negative feedback prevents sudden, severe changes in the body, corrects body back to the set point, causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur. ”negative”. most common ex: body temperature blood pressure &glucose regulation; Homeostasis is maintaining of a stable internal environment( contain control mechanisms that have 3 parts: receptors(provide info about the stimuli), control center ( tells what a particular value should be(set point)), and effector ( elicits response that change conditions in the internal environment)

• cranial cavities- brain
• vertebral cavity- spinal cord and surrounded by the vertebrae
• thoraic cavity- lungs and mediastinum(region between lungs)- heart esophagus, trachea, and thymus
• diaphragm- separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
• mediastinum- separates the thorax into two compartments which contain the right and left longs
• abdominal cavity - stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder,kidney, small and large intestine
• pelvic cavity- terminal end of the large intestines, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

thoracic membranes - visceral pleura, parietal pleura visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium

abdominopelvic membranes- parietal peritoneum viscera; peritoneum

• integumentary system- sensory receptors body temperature vitman D, protects, ex.skin hair nails.
• skeletal system- support and protective shields for tissues, movement
• musclar system- heat production, movement
• nervous system- sensory information
• endocrine system- secretes hormones
• cardiovascular system- transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes
• lymphatic system- transports fluids from tissues back to the blood stream, absorbs fats from the digestive system
• digestive system- receives foods and break them down into simpler forms
• urinary system- removes waste maintains body water and electrolyte balance
• respiratory system- exchange gases between the blood and the air
• reproductive system- manufacture and transport sex cells; produce gametes

Ionic Bond

An attraction between a cation and an anion; Typical reaction for salts; Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom

• Hydrogen atoms form single bonds

• Oxygen atoms form two bonds
• Nitrogen atoms form three bonds
• Carbon atoms form four bonds 

1. Temperature
2. Concentration of reactants and products
3. Catalysts (Ex: Enzymes)

 Dehydration synthesis
– Formation of large molecules by the removal of water – Monomers are joined to form polymers

Phospholipid bilayer – more complicated structure where 2 layers form

 Interphase

-         matter

-         smallest complete units of elements,

-         particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine ex carbon dioxide, salt-sodium chloride,

-         atoms with the same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights,

-         a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons,

-         - occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms,ions, or molecules,

-         protein loses structure and function due to enviromental conditions and cannot be regained

Carbohydrates- monassocharides (glucose)

Lipids- fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins- amino acids

Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA)- nucleotides

Carbohydrates- provides energy that cells require

Lipids-fats, oils, waxes, and steroids: make them stronger

Proteins-structural materials, energy sources, chemical messengers (hormones)

Nucleic Acids- store information for the synthesis of proteins and control cell activities

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

the tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into a compartment containing solute that cannot cross the same membrane.

forces molecules through membranes; commonly used to separate solids from water.

molecules or other particles that are too large to enter a cell by diffusion or active transport are conveyed in a vesicle that forms from a section of the cell membrane

the ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water

any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids                                

Lower osmotic pressure than body fluids

- when the cell takes in solids rather than liquid

moves very specific types of particles into the cells; this process uses protein molecules that extend through the cell membrane and are exposed on its outer surface

contains the genetic material (DNA) that directs the activities of the cell; enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope that has nuclear pores that control movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

contains networks of membranes and organelles suspended in fluid, and may also contain nonliving cellular products, such as nutrients and pigments called inclusions

supportive framework

transports materials within the cell, store, and transport newly synthesized lipids

moves to the cell membrane, where it fuses and releases its contents to the outside of the cell as a secretion; others may transport glycoproteins to organelles in the cell

Release substance outside the cell, but also provides new cell membrane

- packages and modifies protein molecules for transport and secretion

contain enzymes capable of digesting worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells

release energy from food molecules and convert the energy into a usable form

helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division, initiates formation of cilia

Mutation of proto-oncogenes into an oncogene

Mutation of Tumor

Suppression gener

Mutated p53

Telomere does not shorten

Protons- positve charged; located in nucleus

Electrons- negative charged; located around the nucleus

Neutrons- neutrally charged; located in the nucleus