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| Emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person. |
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| The process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things. |
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| An intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of Greek and Roman classics. |
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| The crisis in the late medieval church when there wre first two and then three popes; ended by the Council of Constance (1414 - 1418). |
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| The philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason. |
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| Revival of classics, primary contribution was through his sonnets and was considered one of the greatest European lyric poets; sense of individuality stronger than in any previous medieval literature. Described intellectual life as one of solitude and rejected family and life of action in the community. |
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| Model for civic humanism, chancellor of Florentine, wrote a biography of Cicero called The New Cicero which showed enthusiasm for fusion of political and literary action in Cicero's life. |
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| An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the ideal and saw that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state. |
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| Wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man where he "combed" through the works of philosophers of different backgrounds for the common "nuggets of universal truth" that he believed were all part of God's revelation to humanity. In the Oration, offered statement of unlimited human potential; took an interest in Hermetic philosophy. |
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| Invented the printing press; completed the printing of the Bible in 1455. |
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| Wrote the Book of the Courtier that became the fundamental handbook for European aristocrats for centuries; nobles should be well rounded in gov't, military, art, conduct, while being modest. |
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| One of the most famous Renaissance women, known for intelligence and political wisdom, "first lady of the world," letters revealed humor, after death of husband effectively ruled Mantua and won reputation as clever negotiator. |
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| Refers to artistic period from the Late Gothic to the early Renaissance period. |
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| Painted the Sistine Chapel, the Last Judgement, sculpted David and Pieta. |
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| Painted the School of Athens, overshadowed by Michelangelo |
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| Painted the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa |
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| Sculpted the statue of David which was the first known life-size, freestanding bronze nude in Euro art since antiquity. |
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| Perspective, symmetry, religion and secular themes |
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| A sixteenth-century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. |
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Dante and the Divine Comedy
Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote
William Shakespeare
Boccaccio - Decameron |
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| Wrote the prince, no morals for good ruling, harsh rulers |
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| Five Major states of Italy |
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| Venice, Florence, and Milan, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples. |
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| Banking family that was the greatest bank in Europe at its height with branches in Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges, London, and Lyons and had controlling interests in industrial enterprises for wool, silk, and the mining of alum |
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| Took control of oligarchy in 1434 in the Republic of Florence; maintained republican forms of gov't for looks, ran gov't behind the scenes. |
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| Leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder. |
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| The "heart" of Italian Renaissance culture |
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| The main center of Italian Renaissance trade |
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| Spiritual capital of Christendom (corrupt popes) |
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| Formation of North German towns who formed as a commercial and military association; established settlements and commercial bases in many cities in England and northern Europe; had monopoly on northern Euro trade in timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wines. Southern outlet in Flanders, port city of Bruges, became economic crossroads of Europe, but silting of the port caused decline and decline of Hanseatic League. |
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| Most influential Christian humanist, wrote the Handbook of the Christian Knight; emphasized inner piety and de-emphasized external forms of religion i.e. sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, veneration of saints, and relics. Edited the Bible bc he thought it had errors. Wrote the Praise of Folly which engaged in humorous but effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society, especially on abuses within ranks of the clergy. |
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| An intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers. |
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| Wrote Utopia where he described the ideal world. |
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| Created English Lollardy; disgust w/clerical corruption which led to attack on papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs/practices. Believed that Bible was Christian's sole authority; urged for Bible to be printed in vernacular languages so every Christian could read it; condemned pilgrimages, the veneration of saints, and a whole series of rituals and rites that had developed ; followers called Lollards. |
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| Urged elimination of worldliness and corruption of clergy and attacked excessive pwr of papacy, fell on receptive ears b/c Catholic Church one of largest landowners in Bohemia. Council of Constance attempted to deal w/problem of heresy by summoning John Hus to council by Emperor Sigismund, went in hope of a free hearing of ideas but instead was arrested, condemned as a heretic, and burned at stake. Turned to unrest and revolutionary upheaval resulting in the Hussite Wars. |
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| Among first to use oil paint, painted Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, paid attention to detail, A LOT of detail |
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| Northern Renaissance Artists |
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| Paid attention to great detail, imitated nature not by mastery of perspective/proportion but by empirical observation of visual reality and accurate portrayal of detail, emphasis on emotional intensity of religious feeling and created great works of devotional art esp in altarpieces, later studied in Italy |
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| Affected by Italian artists, made two trips, mastery of laws of perspective, wrote detailed treatises on both subjects, painted the Adoration of the Magi, did not reject use of minute details, and tried to integrate details more harmoniously into works to achieve a standard of ideal beauty by careful examination of the human form. |
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| In Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal pounishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century. |
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| German Dominican preacher known for selling indulgences. |
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| The act of paying for sacraments and consequently holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of the church. |
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| The doctrine, esp. in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. |
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| (esp. in the Roman Catholic Church) The conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining |
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| League formed by Lutheran Germanic states for protection in case the Catholics would attack. |
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| 1555 - Important turning point in history of reformation; acknowledged Lutheranism granting equal legal standing w/Catholicism, gave right of each German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects. |
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| Peasant Revolt of 1524 - 1525 (Peasants War) |
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| Peasant dissatisfaction in Germany b/c they had not improved economically, new demands for taxes, looked for Martin Luther for support, but Thomas Muntzer inflamed peasants against rulers. Luther wrote Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants where he called on German princes to stop the peasants, Luther more dependent on state authorities for growth/maintenance of reformed church. |
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| Edict of Worms (Diet of Worms) |
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| Made Martin Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire |
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| Looked to state to supervise church, relics and images abolished, paintings/decorations removed from church walls, Mass replaced by a new liturgy of Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons, music eliminated; monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope's authority abolished. Faced problems w/forest cantons in the Swiss Confederation, tried to form an alliance w/Lutherans but they could not agree on the interpretation of the Lord's supper; Marburg Colloquy of 1529 produced no agreement or alliance. In October 1531 war erupted between Swiss Protestant and Catholic cantons, Zurich's army routed and Zwingli found, killed. Swiss Civil war of 1531 provided early indication of religious passions in the 16th century. |
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| Meeting of Protestants bc of fear that Charles V would take advantage of division, hope of forming an alliance but the meeting in 1529 produced no agreement or alliance bc of different interpretations of the Last Supper |
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| Leader of the Anabaptists who dedicated life to spread of a peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that stressed separation from the world in order to truly emulate the life of Jesus. Imposed strict discipline on followers |
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| Massacre of Anabaptists in Munster, which the Anabaptists called New Jerusalem. |
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| A government ruled by a divine authority. |
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| A member of an eighth-century Byzantine movement against the use of icons (pictures of sacred figures), which it condemned as idolatry. |
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| Calvinist reformer of Scotland |
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| A form of Protestant Church government in which the Church is administered locally by the minister with a group of elected elders of equal rank, and regionally and nationally by representative courts of ministers and elders; based on calvinism |
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| Creator of the Church of England, or the Anglican church because he wanted to divorce his wife after she was declared infertile. |
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| First wife of Henry VIII, failed to produce a male heir |
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| Passed in 1534, Church of England broke off with Rome, which declared that the king was "taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church England" which meant that the English monarch now controlled the church in all matters of doctrine, clerical appts, and discipline. |
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| Son of third wife, heir to the throne after Henry VIII, New acts of Parliament instituted right of clergy to marry, elimination ofimages, and creation of a revised Protestant liturgy that elaborated in a new prayer book called the Book of Common Prayer; happened under Edward VI because other people took advantage of Edward VI's age. |
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| Pope Paul III called for a general council of Christendom to resolve religious differences created by Protestant revolt, in March 1545 group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met in city of Trent on border between Germany and Italy and initiated meeting; but problems prevented from having annual meetings, but did meet three times from 1545 to 1563; doctrines reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs; scripture/tradition affirmed as equal authorities, only church could interpret Scripture, both faith and good works declared necessary for salvation, seven sacraments, the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, and clerical celibacy upheld, belief in purgatory and in the efficacy of indulgences affirmed, but hawking of indulgences prohibited. Most important est theological seminaries in every diocese for training of priests. |
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| Holy Office in 1542 to ferret out doctrinal errors when Caraffa able to persuade Paul III to est this. |
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| Founded the Society of Jesus, Spanish nobleman; vowed to be a soldier of God, strict hierarchical order for society and use of education to achieve goals; resembled structure of a military command |
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