Diderot

Helped edit the 1st Encyclopedia

Explained Copernicus and Kepler's laws with math

Law of Universal Gravitation: every body in the universe attracts another

Believed in a strong, independent upper class; despised absolutism; comparatively studied republics, monarchies, and depotism

Published "The Social Contract":

1. General will (not the will of everyone)

2. Popular soverignty (people were sovereign)

France agreed to recognize the supremacy of the pope as a universal council

Pope agreed to let France choose all French bishops and abbots

Princes were given the opportunity to choose their religion and the religion of their subjects

(Pertained only to Catholicism and Lutheranism)

Gave Hugenots liberty of both private and public worship

Wrote "The Praise of Folly", which satired the Christian religion

2 themes:

1. Education = reform

2. Christianity = inner attitude of heart and spirit, not ceremonies or laws

Built most sophisticated observatory of his day

(limited understanding of math- Kepler assistant)

Early modern skeptist who developed the essay;

rejected dogmatism and the belief that some cultures were superior to others

Urban IV elected by "force"; very strict and threatened excommunication to unrepentant cardinals (pope of Rome)

Clement VII- elected secretly by cardinals; became "anti-pope" (pope in France)

Believed reform of church could be achieved through councils of all Christians

Also believed pope derived authority from people, not an absolute authority incapable of doctrinal error

(Peter the Great)

War between Rusia and Sweden for control of the Baltic Sea

Russia won and became a European Great Power

Unless Louis XVI was released, European powers would attack France

Only incited anger and led to the Revolutionary Wars

Published "Leviathan"

1. Sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarch

2. Power of ruler is absolute

3. No divine right of kings

Protestants threw 2 of Ferdinand's officials from a window

Officially marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War

Ended the Thirty Years' War

1. Independent authority of German princes

2. Holy Roman Empire destoryed

3. France could intervene in German affairs

4. Pope could not intervene in German religious affairs

Published: "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations"

Believed gov. had 3 duties:

1. Provide military defense

2. Maintain civil order

3. Sponsor public institutes

Established basis for modern economics