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| absolute monarchy, all power vested in one ruler |
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| artistic movement of 17th century, used dramatic effects to arouse emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the 17th century character |
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| monarchy based on the belief that monarchs receive their power directly from god |
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| English Bill of Rights (1688) |
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| specified rights of Parliament and laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. Parliament could make laws, levy taxes, and made it impossible for king to oppose or do anything w/o Parliament's approval. |
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| Revolt under Cardinal Mazarin's rule. Nobles who did not like him and the centralized administrative power teamed up with Parlement of Paris. 1st ended in compromise, opposed levying taxes. 2nd Fronde led by nobles of sword, 1st nobles of sword. Wanted to overthrow Mazarin only to secure their positions and increase their power. Was crushed in 1652. CONCLUDE THAT STABILITY BE BEST ACHIEVED IF FRANCE LAID IN THE CROWN. |
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| Class of English landowners just ranking below nobility. |
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| Glorious Revolution 1688-1689 |
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| Disposition of James II and accession of William and Mary. This was because James was extremely Catholic and he suspended legal rights of dissenters, and their was fear about their being another Catholic heir to the thrown. Opposition leaders then invited William and Mary and their army to redress grievances. W and M ruled jointly and the convention parliament set out Bill of Rights. |
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| L's-radicals that Cromwell faced. Wanted freedom of speech, religious toleration, and a democratic republic that supported the right to vote for all males over age 21. Also wanted annual parliaments, women's equality w/ men and govt programs to care for poor. D's offshoot of L's led by Gerrard Winstanley, wanted to dig, cultivate the wastelands. |
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| Important to Parliament's success during the English civil war. Composed of extreme puritans(Independents) who believed doing battle for Lord. |
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| Made by Parliament during Charle's I reign. King had to accept before being granted any tax revenues. Prohibited taxation w/o Parliaments permission, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers in private homes, and declared martial law in peace time. |
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| One of many German states after the 30 yrs war who became autonomous within HRE. Established by Hohenzollern dynasty, consisted of western, central, and eastern Germany. Foundation created by Frederick William the Great Elector. |
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| Help form New Model Army w/ Parliament, included Cromwell. Again wanted remove all traces of Catholicism from church of England. |
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| Restoring the monarchy and House of Lords under Charles II followed by Cromwell's commonwealth. Anglican church restored as official church. |
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| After Cromwell's victory in civil war. Cromwell wanted to achieve victory for the army's point of view. Purged Parliament of all Presbyterian members. |
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| An agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each |
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| Depiction of conditions in absence of political power of authority. Hobbes-war of all against all, life of man "poor solitary, nasty, brutish, and short" anarchy |
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| Act passed by Parliament allowing only Anglicans to hold military and civil offices. |
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| Religion played important role, Catholics vs Calvinist "last of religious wars". As war progressed secular, dynastic-nationalist considerations more important. Was Europe wide struggle with 4 phases. Ended by Peace of Westphalia. |
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| Supporters of the king, where loyalist, new political group, did not believe Parliament should toil w/ lawful succession to the throne during restoration, glorious revolution |
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| Ended thirty years war. Ensure all German states including Calvinist were free to determine own religion. France, Sweden, and Germany, gained new territory. Clarified division between religion and politics. Religion now personal conviction. |
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| Established by Louis XIV show France had power and sophistication. Was home to Louis and nobility (to keep eye on them). Important meetings took place here. Impress foreigners and source of envy other rulers. Daily life in court strictly set by etiquette, everyone vied for kings attention in order to get some sort of power. |
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| Political party wanted exclude James and establish a Protestant king with toleration to dissenters |
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| Italian sculptor and architect. Prominent figure of Baroque period. Completed St. Peter's Basilica at Vatican. Action, exuberance, profusion mark his work. Ecstasy of St. Theresa. |
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| Italian painter, persuasive religious painter. Followed militantly realist agenda, rejecting mannerism and classicizing naturalism |
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| Mannerism. Elongated and contorted figures, portrayed in unusual shades of yellow and green against an eerie background of turbulent grays, reflect the artist's desire to create a world of intense emotion. Laocoon |
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| Dutch painter turned away from materialistic success, refuse follow contemporaries. Depict biblical scenes. Great protestant painter. |
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| Spanish painter develop unique style from influence from Titian, Ruben and Venetian artists. Characterized by loose expressive brush stroke. Scenes of historical and cultural sig. Las Meninas y Las Venus de Espejo |
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| Girl with the Pearl Earring!! Great dutch painter, realistic style, simple color and light, and unusual but inventive brush technique. Solemnity and mystery in paintings. |
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| French politician and philosopher. Political theorist who believed in sovereign power that consisted of the authority to make laws, tax, administer justice, control state's administrative system and determine foreign policy. |
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| Chief theorist of divine-right monarchy theory. Theologian and court preacher. Government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society. Works include Politics drawn from the Very words of the Holy Scripture. |
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| Son of James I. He initially accepted Petition of Right by Parliament but ignored it when realized didn't have much power. Therefore, worked without parliament. Personal ruled which caused him to think of creative ideas to collect tax, levy on seacoast towns pay for coastal defense. He and archbishop try impose Anglican Book Common Prayer (return to Catholic popery, not cool). Had to call upon parliament for this problem, long and short parliament, but eventually cause england slip into civil war b/c disagreements, Charles beheaded eventually. |
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| Represent restoration of Stuart Monarchy. Issued the Declaration of Indulgences which went against Parliaments laws against Puritan and Catholic dissenters from Anglican faith. Heir was brother James I. |
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| Controller general of finances for Louis XIV. Increase power and wealth of France through adherence to mercantilism, regulation of economic activities benefit state. Decrease imports increase exports, he improve quantity and quality of manufactured goods. Improve communications and transportation, raised tariffs. Efforts usually self-defeating increase power of king because Louis spent too much money. |
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| One of leaders of extreme puritans called Independents who were part of Parliament's New Model Army. His troops well disciplined and trained. Found victory in second civil war. Took control establish commonwealth, his rule ended up being more oppressive than Charles. Unable to work Parliament and relied on military force. |
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| Frederick William the Great Elector |
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| Laid foundation of Prussian state. Built competent and efficient army b/c of Prussia being a small open territory with no natural frontiers. Sustained army and power by establishing General WAr Commissariat levy taxes for army fund growth and training. Transformed into civil gov. Made deal with nobles to allow them unlimited power over peasants and exemption from taxes if give him free hand in running gov. Followed mercantilism. Reinforced serfdom. |
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| Dutch philosopher of law. Father of modern international law. Wrote The Laws of War and Peace. Believed in natural law theory which founded by reason and not divine right. Immensely influenced by Hobbes. |
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| King of Sweden during thirty years war. Revived Sweden and made it a great Baltic power. Military genius,disciplined and well equipped army. Devout Lutheran try make ties with Germany with this thing in common. First standing army of conscripts, good flexibility and tactics. |
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| English political thinker prompted by English Revolutions. Name associated w/ state's claim to absolute authority. Treatise of political thought Leviathan. State of nature before human organization was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Save themselves from destroying each other by developing commonwealth, power in hands of sovereign authority. Subjects CANNOT rebel if so must be suppressed. |
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| Began stuart line of rulers after Tudors. Did not understand laws, institutions and customs of England because Scottish. Believe in divine right of kings.. Alienated Parliament because he did not work with them like Tudors did. Parliament still maintained power of the purse. Alienated rest of people b/c did not want to switch from Episcopal system of church to Presbyterian because had support of monarchical authority. |
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| Brought about new constitutional conflict after accession after Charles II. Devout Catholic who furthered Catholic interest to the dismay of subjects. Name Catholics to high positions leaving behind Test Act, issued new Declaration of Indulgence. Birth of son, which meant definitely going to be Catholic heir, brought about Glorious Revolution to prevent him from coming to throne. |
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| Another English political thinker who was against Hobbes' ideas. Did not believe in absolute rule of one man. Two Treatises of Government. Humans in state of nature lived equally an free without war. Had natural rights life, liberty, an property. Agree establish gov to protect rights. If gov broke agreement people should rebel and form new gov. |
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| Came into power as child. Had Richelieu to do all of the political work. |
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| Came into power also as child and had Mazarin as chief minister. Known as Sun King had absolute, absolute power. Sought out to be as strong a ruler as he could. Restructured central policy-making machinery. Conflict with Huguenots want keep France Catholic, caused large portion population leave France. Spent too much money, many efforts of Colbert went into vain. Versaille. War was incessant activity wanted to acquire as much land a could. Prestige and military glory of sun king and domination of Bourbon dynasty over European affairs, waged four wars. France was impoverished and surrounded by enemies by time of death. |
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