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| massacre of peaceful protesters at Winter’s Square in St. Petersberg in 1905 that turned ordinary workers against the tsar and produced a wave of general indignation. |
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| a divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-semites against Dreyfus; because of this, the French government severed all ties between the state and church. |
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| Russian parliament opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but with absolute veto power from the tsar. |
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| Russian parliament opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but with absolute veto power from the tsar. |
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| "struggle for civilization," Bismark’s attack on the Catholic church resulting from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility in 1870. |
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| the changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time. |
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| the result of a great general strike in October 1905, it granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected duma (parliament) with real legislative power. |
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| proposed after the liberal party came to power in England in 1906 and vetoed by the lords, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare issues. |
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| guerrilla army of Guiseppe Girabaldi who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to "liberate" it and won the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry. |
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| the popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871. |
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| an effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time. |
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| result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. |
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| a new instution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. |
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| movement toward Jewish political nationhood, started by Theodor Herzl |
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