Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
-Portuguese Monarch (early 1400's)
-Encouraged father to expand trade routes in/around Africa, and then did so himself
-took out Muslim settlements |
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-Portuguese Explorer
-1448: sailed around tip of Africa |
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-Portuguese Explorer
-1497: sailed around tip of Africa and made it to India |
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-"in the place of kings"
-used by Spanish Empire to rule parts of Europe, the Americas, and elsewhere overseas |
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-Italian Explorer
-sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
-1492: reached Americas in quest for shorter route to India |
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-Portuguese explorer sponsored by Spanish King Charles I
-first circumnavigation of globe |
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-Spanish administration that oversaw executive, judicial and legislative functions in the Americas and Asia
-Overseen by Queen
-Took over control of Americas when Columbus and conquistadors weren't meeting standards |
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-Viceroyalty of Spain in North America
-Capital was Mexico City
-One of first four viceroyalties in New World (followed by Peru, Granada, and Rio de la Plata) |
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Term
| A New Era of Commercial Capitalism |
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Definition
-mercantilism and transatlantic trade fueled economic competition and expansion
-entrepreneurs consolidated all aspects of production to maximize revenue
-banks and trading companies emerged |
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Definition
-civil infighting and conflict over religion
-fought predominantly between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)
-main parties involved were the Houses of Bourbon and Guise |
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-persecuted French Huguenots
-restricted press and literature
-initiated Habsburg-Valois War when he tried to take Italy from Charles V and to establish French dominance in Europe
-married Catherine de Medici |
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Definition
| -aristocratic, Capetian, and Protestant House in France that was involved in factional disputes during the French Wars of Religion |
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-French Protestants (Calvinists)
-Persecuted by Henry II |
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Definition
| -aristocratic Catholic House in France that was involved in factional disputes during the French Wars of Religion |
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-made up House of Guise
-persecuted Protestants and opposed Henry of Navarre's coronation |
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-rulers who cared about citizens following the laws (not their religion)
-moderates during the French Wars of Religion were proponents of a strong, religiously-indifferent monarchy |
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-Henry IV
-First ruler of Bourbon dynasty
-Huguenot who converted to Catholicism before ascending to throne
-issued Edict of Nantes and ended Civil War |
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Term
| Saint Batholomew's Day Massacre |
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Definition
-assassinations and mob violence by Catholics in the French Wars of Religion
-six days after the marriage of Henry IV (Protestant) and Margaret de Medici |
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Term
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Definition
Henry of Navarre (Protestant) versus Henry of Guise (Ultra-Catholic) versus Henry III of France (Catholic
-Henry III executed Henry of Guise
-final conflict of French War of Religion |
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Definition
-issued by Henry IV following coronation
-liberties to Protestants (Henry had just converted to Catholicism)
-ended French Wars of Religion |
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Term
| Philip II of Spain- "The Most Catholic of Kings" |
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Definition
-married "Bloody Mary" of England
-sent Spanish Armada (which failed)
-son of Charles V
-led Spain during pinnacle of power/wealth |
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-sent by Philip II to take over England
-FAIL
-England had been privateering and interfering with Spanish Netherlands |
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| -1571: Holy League (Catholic monarchies in Europe) defeated Ottoman Turks, halting expansion Westward |
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Term
| William I, Prince of Orange |
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Definition
-"William the Silent"
-overthrew Spanish rule in the Netherlands and established the United Provinces after 80 years' war |
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-aka Dutch Republic
-Founded after 80 years' war, which was precipitated by a revolt by William I of Orange |
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Definition
-"Virgin Queen," last of the Tudor's, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
-imprisoned by her sister Mary for Protestant sympathies
-took throne; defeated Spanish Armada and passed Act of Supremacy (1589) |
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Term
| The Act of Supremacy of 1559 |
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Definition
-part of Elizabethan Religious Settlement (along with Act of Uniformity)
-made Elizabeth "supreme governor," rather than head (this assuaged fears of a woman heading the church)
-tightened up previous heresy and treason laws |
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-English Protestants
-believed that Church of England should go even further in distancing itself from the Catholic Church |
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Definition
| -when a product is in high demand, prices rise and it is highly valued (boom); then it crashes, and loses almost all of its value (bust) |
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| joint-stock trading company |
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Definition
-people fund a company through buying shares with the promise of profit in the case of the company's success
-these became a major part of exploration, especially to the new world |
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Definition
-"Last of the religious wars"
-fueled by Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry
-made up of Bohemian Phase, Danish Phase, Swedish Phase, and Franco-Swedish Phase
-featured militant Catholicism and Calvinism
-nearly all of Western Europe became involved |
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Term
| The Failure of the Peace of Augsburg |
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Definition
-P.o.A. failed to mention Calvinism--it acknowledged only Lutheranism, leading to confusion and dissent
-said that the religion was determined by the prince, but when the next in line had a different religion it got confusing |
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Term
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Definition
-1618-25
-Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand became king of Bohemia
-he was Catholic, they were Calvinist
-Ferdinand was replaced with Frederick V (after rebellion)
-Ferdinand (now H.R.E.) and Maximilian of Bavaria (head of Catholic League of German States) took the Palatinate and drove Frederick out |
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Term
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Definition
-1625-29
-King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran), allied with United Provinces and England and invaded Germany
-Bohemian Albrecht von Wallenstein lead Ferdinand's forces to victory at Dessau and then drove them out
-Edict of Restitution passed: no Calvinism (nobles became scared of losing power) |
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Definition
-at end of Bohemian phase during 30 yrs. war
-no Calvinism!
-nobles became scared of losing power |
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Term
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Definition
-1629-35
-Gustavus Adolphus, Lutheran king of Sweden with disciplined and well-outfitted army, invaded and made it to the heart of Germany
-Wallenstein returned, lost but killed Adolphus, and was assassinated by Ferdinand
-Swedes defeated at Battle of Nordlingen
-Edict of Restitution annulled to get support of nobility |
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Term
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Definition
-1635-48
-Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, entered war
-Battle of Rocroi: Spanish army destroyed
-French moved South, and ended in the Peace of Westphalia (1648)
-French continued to fight with Spanish until Peace of the Pyrenees, 1659 |
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Term
| The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 |
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Definition
-German states determine religion
-France won land
-politics and religion act independently
-most was written by chief minister Mazarin of France |
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Definition
-Stuart line of kings angered parliament and population
-Parliament, which was made up of nobles, took over following Charles I's imposition of Anglican prayer on Scotland
-Oliver Cromwell had stint as "lord protector"
-Charles II came back and reestablished monarchy |
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Definition
-King of Scotland; became king when cousin Elizabeth I died
-first Stuart King
-believed in absolute monarchy
-major issues with Parliament |
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Definition
-son of James I; held similar beliefs concerning monarchy
-worked independently of Parliament
-tried to force Common Book of Prayer on Scotland; when they rebelled, he had to get money from Parliament, who then started the Civil War |
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-brother to Charles II, the first monarch after the civil war
-devout Catholic, married a Catholic, produced a Catholic heir
-Declaration of Indulgences: Catholics can hold office
-overthrown by William III of Orange and his wife Mary |
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Definition
-military leader who lead the New Model Army in the English Civil War
-ruled England as military districts
-first and only ruler of the English Commonwealth |
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-forces of Parliament in the English Civil War
-led by Oliver Cromwell |
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-Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament of dissenters, solidifying military control
-the remainder, or the "Rump Parliament," had little power or meaning because of its reduced size and status |
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-anti-witch doctrine by Heinrich Kramer, a Catholic inquisitor
-late 1400's |
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-period emerging from later years of Italian Renaissance (1520-60)
-intellectual sophistication and artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities |
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-painter, sculptor, and architect in the Spanish Renaissance
-1541-1614 |
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-16th-18th century artistic period
-characterized by "dynamic movement, overt emotion and self-confident rhetoric" |
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-Flemish Baroque painter
-late 1500's to early 1600's
-part of the Counter-Reformation (painted mythology and the like)
-humanist scholar |
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-1598-1680
-Italian; lived in Rome
-Classical sculptor
-part of Counter-Reformation |
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-1533-1592
-author and statesman in the French Renaissance
-popularized the essay |
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-1564-1616
-English Playwright and poet
-patronized by Elizabeth I
-worked at Globe Theater
-expanded English language |
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-1562-1635
-Spanish Baroque Playwright
-one of the most prolific authors in history |
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-1547-1616
-Spanish Playwright, poet, and novelist
-the Spanish Shakespeare in terms of what he did for the language
-wrote Don Quixote |
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