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| sponsored a centralized episcopal church system, hierarchically arraged from pope to priest, that stressed absolute obedience to the person at the top |
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rulers who urged tolerance, moderation, and compromise, in favor of political unity rather than religious unity |
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| art that is defined by its grand, ornate style |
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| French Protestants who underwent severe persecution in France |
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| the strongest and most powerful family in France who sought to control the monarchy and convert France to Catholicism |
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Mother and regent of King Charles IX. She sought to preserve the monarchy and was a politique |
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| a measure that granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns-although only privately within them- and to hold synods |
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| Edict of Fontainebleau of 1540 |
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| subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition |
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| French King who was killed during a tournament help to celebrate the marriage of his 133 yr old daughter to Phillip II. This brought is son, Francis II to power under the regency of Catherine de Medicis |
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| became the Huguenot military strategist after Conde's death |
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The Peace of Saint Germain en Laye (1570_ |
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| ended the third French war of religion and granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their own territorys and the right to fortify their cities |
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Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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| on August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3000 fellowHuguenots were butchered in Paris. Within 3 days an estimated 20,000 Huguenots were executed in coordinated attacks throughout France. |
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| Married Marguerite of Valios and came into power after Henry III's death. He was a politique, saying "Paris is worth a mass". |
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The Edict of Nantes April 13, 2598 |
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Hernry IV proclaimed a formal religious settlement which confirmed catholicism as the official religion of France, but granted Huguenots: freedom of public worship the right of assembly admission to public office and universities and permission to maintain fortified towns.
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| heir to the intensely Catholic and militarily supreme western Hapsburg kingdom. He managed to erase the debts left by his father and to finace foreign adventures. |
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a combination Palace, church, tom, and monastary outside of Madrid |
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| Philip II's mad and treacherous son who died under suspicious circumstances in 1568. Some suspect that Philip had him quietly executed |
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Don Juan's fleet engages the Ottoman navy at this battle place, and sinks/captures 1/3 of the Turkish Fleet. 30,000 turks die |
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| Philip's half brother who formed a Holy League with Spain, Venice and the pope to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. |
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| lieutenant of the council with helped rule the Netherlands in Philip's absence. He hoped to check Protestant gains with interal church reforms. He wanted a religiously uniform country. |
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| William the Silent (of Orange) |
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| placed the political autonomy and well being of the Netherlands above religion. He went through Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist stages personally. He was considered an outlaw when Spain gained control of the Netherlands, and became a leader of the movement for the independence of the Netherlands. He was stadholder of Utrecht. |
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hired to suppress the calvinist revolt in the Netherlands. His army of 100,000 marched through the countryside, crushing the riots, and established a special tribunal, the Council of Troubles, to rule over the land |
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| spanish levie dnew taxes, forcing the netherlands to pay for the supression of its own revolt. This tax was a 10% sales tax |
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an international group of anti-spanish exiles and criminals who helped William the Silent capture Brill and other sea ports in Zeeland and Holland to spark rebellions against Alba |
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| The Pacification of Ghent |
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| national covenant drawn up that pledged to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition again Protestants in the Netherlands. |
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| Will the Silent - Governor |
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| provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within 20 days |
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| Formally declares the Netherlands are independent from Philip II of Spain |
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| catholic queen of England who was the enemy of Protestants in England. She entered a highly unpopular marraige with Philip II of Spain, and pursued a Catholic England |
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protestants who fled England during Mary I's reign for Germany or Switzerland |
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Mary's successor, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She was a politique who regarded political unity above religious unity |
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| repeals all anti-protestant legistlation from Mary, and makes Elizabeth supreme governor over spiritual and temporal affaris. It also mandates a revised verions of the Book of Common Prayer for every English parish |
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| gives separatists the option of conforming to the practices of the Church of England or face exile/death |
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| "the Religious war to end all religious wars"- war in the HRE that was the last and most destructive of the religious wars. It involved religious differences between Catholics, Calvinists, and Lutherans |
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| Germany, in the 2nd half of the 16th century, was made up of about 360 autonomous political entities. The Peace of Augsburg had given each a degree of sovereignty within its own borders, and therefore it was not unified at all |
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| begins the Bohemian stage of the 30 years war; basically, Ferdinand (who all protestants hate) is elected as emperor of HRE. He sends some catholic representatives to Prague, and they get thrown out the window! |
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| Feeling threatened by HRE's aggression, Danish king Christian IV steps in to defend the protestants. He loses, and Fredrick II of the HRE feels stregthened, and treis to take back church lands that were lost during the Reformation |
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| Hero of the Swedish stage of the 30 years war, he is successful in battle against the catholic forces |
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| calvinism is recognized as a legal religion, the ruler of the land still decides religion, Switz and Netherlands get formal independence, allows for the continued division of German states |
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