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| Began in Britan in the early 1600s in response to the growing demand for food. Landowners placed fences around land that had traditionally been open to all, driving many peasants to seek income elsewhere. |
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| New mechanisms for organizing large-scale economic activity that were put in place as the volume of trade rose. |
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| An economic system based on private ownership of property and businesses that produced goods to be bought and sold in a free market. Controlled by the law of supply and demand. |
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| The responsibility of government to promote the state's economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders. |
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| Companies which organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. |
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| Entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to workers in their homes, who transformed them into finished products to be picked up later by the entrepreneur or a representative. |
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| A type of map invented by Gerhard Kremer, also known as "Mercator" or "the merchant"; he drew the lines of longitude as parallel lines, which made travel more reliable and easier for merchants. |
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| A Portugese prince who led several explorations. His main accomplishment was the opening of a navigation school. |
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| A new type of ship developed by the Portugese. Smaller than the Chinese junk. Big enough for the ocean, but small enough for rivers. Two sets of sails- one for speed, one for manuverability- and powerful guns. |
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| Bartholomew Dias and Vasco de Gama |
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| Two students from Henry the Navigator's school who set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean. |
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| A Portugese explorer who sailed too far west and reached the South American coast by mistake. Ended up claiming Brazil for Portugal. |
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| A Genoese explorer who convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic. Reached America and thought it was the East Indies. |
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| Made in 1494. Divided newly discovered land between Portugal and Spain. |
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| Hired by Spain to circumnavigate the globe; he didn't make it back, but one of his ships did. |
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| "Conquerors." Led Spanish troops into the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America. |
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| Spanish explorer. Defeated the Aztecs. |
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| Last Aztec emperor. Welcomed the Spanish explorers because he thought that Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl returning home. |
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| Conquistador. Defeated the Incas. |
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| Won a civil war for the Incan throne, but lost his kingdom to the conquistadors. |
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| Gave Spanish settlers the right to force natives to work in their mines or fields. |
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| A term for the Spanish settlers. |
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| System of forced labor that took hold in peru. Required one-seventh of adult male Amerindians to work at any given time for two to four months each year for their Spanish masters. Broke down because too many Amerindians died. |
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| Spanish and Portugese children born in the Old World. |
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| Spanish and Portugese children born in the New World. Eventually grew to dominate politics and the economy. |
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| People who were part African and part European. |
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| People who were half European and half Amerindian. |
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| Mulattoes and mestizos. Occupied a status between Europeans (who were on top) and Amerindians and blacks. (who were on the bottom.) |
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| The Protestant Work Ethic |
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| Encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth. |
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| The Duch East India Company |
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| One of the largest and most famous joint-stock companies. Specialized in the spice and luxury trade with the East Indies, gained control of Dutch trading in the Pacific, and, by the late 17th century, shifted their attention to the trans-Atlantic African slave trade. |
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| The first British settlement in the US. Established in Virginia in 1607. |
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| A system in which European governments interfered in their colonies' economies to benefit the mother country. In most cases, goods and services that originated in the mother country could only be exported to colonies, and all colonial exports had to go to the mother country. |
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| A colonial settler bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for someone for four to seven years in exchange for payment of the voyage to the New World. |
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| The global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and disease that took place after the exploratory voyages to the New World of the late 15th and 16th centuries. |
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| The period between 1600 and 1850 during which glaciers advanced, temperatures dropped, and winters were often quite severe. |
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| A class of wealthy, educated, and socially ambitious families in urban and rural areas of western Europe. |
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| What the gentry were called in France. |
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| Economic balance. Changed between 1550 and 1648, with the economies of southern Europe declining and those of the northwest emerging stronger. |
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