Term
| Marxist Revisionism - Eduard Bernstein |
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Definition
Orthodox or Pure Marxism stressed
1. Class struggle
2. Workers revolution
3. Abolition of capitalism
Revisionism = revisionist Marxists
1. Eduard Bernstein - author of Evolutionary Socialism
2. Challenged orthodox Marxism
3. The capitalist system had not broken down
4. Middle class was expanding not disappearing
5. Condition of proletariat was improving = higher standard of living
6. Discarded Marx’s emphasis on class struggle and revolution
7. Evolution by democratic mean not revolution |
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Definition
| State and society corrupts a persons natural goodness. True freedom can only come through the abolition of the state and all social institutions. Anarchism was popular in less industrialized and less democratic countries like Spain, Portugal. Italy, Russia |
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| Domestic policies of Bismarck - Social welfare. Kulturkampf |
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Definition
Kulturkampf = “struggle for civilization” = Bismarck’s attack on Catholicism in Germany
Social welfare- Bismarck's way of winning workers from socialist. This gave the workers: sickness, accident, and disability benefits and old age retirement benefits. |
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| Tsars Alexander III and Nicolas II- Autocracy |
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Definition
Russian Tsars
Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) = reactionary = harsh autocratic rule
Tsar Alexander III (1881-1894) = reactionary = harsh autocratic rule
4. Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) = weak leader who tries to rule as an autocratic and resists any change
Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) = weak leader who tries to rule as an autocratic and resists any change |
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Term
| The new physics - Curie, Plank, Einstein |
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Definition
Marie and Pierre Curie
1. Discovered that the element radium gave of rays of energy = radiation
2. Subatomic particles
3. Protons and electrons behaved in random and confusing ways
Max Planck
1. German physicist
2. The quantum theory = energy is radiated discontinuously in irregular packets called quanta
Albert Einstein
1. German born American physicist
2. Theory of relativity
3. Space and time are not absolute, they are relative to the observer
4. E= mc2
5. Father of the atomic age - Einstein’s conception of the universe replaces Newtonian physics |
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Definition
1. German philosopher who attacked bourgeois society and culture
2. Attacked the rationalism of European society - drained society of emotion, passion, and instinct
3. Apollonian v. Dionysian
4. Christianity made Western civilization weak and feeble - “a slave morality”
5. “God is dead.”
6. The Ubermensch = the Superman
7. The will to power
8. Reject Christianity, reject middle class values and morality, equality and democracy |
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Definition
Viennese doctor/father of psychoanalysis
Author of - The Interpretation of Dreams
Founder of ID,EGO, and SUPEREGO |
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Definition
affected by early experiences and inner forces like Repression = socially unacceptable and crude lustful impulse and desires are hidden away and forced down
into the unconscious mind where they still hide out and drive us to do things without our conscious knowledge |
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Definition
1. ID = the animal part of our mind = “I want…”--> the pleasure principle--> focused on two things 1. Eating 2. Fornicating
2. EGO = the rational practical part of our mind = “I need to…” --> the reality principle
3. SUPEREGO = the higher ethical part of our mind = “I should…”--> conscience and moral principle |
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Term
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Definition
the application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order
*Darwin’s ideas were wrongly used to explain and justify class, social, racial, and cultural differences
*Herbert Spencer - British philosopher who was the most important proponent of Social Darwinism
*White European societies were “the fittest” and thus were superior and dominant
*Rich people were the naturally fittest/superior
*Nationalist and racists used social Darwinism to justify their beliefs and actions
*The combination of ultra nationalism + racism + social Darwinism was strongest in Germany |
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Definition
*Style of writing which dominated the late 19th century
*Was a continuation of Realism which dominated the mid-century
*Portray the world as it really is
*More pessimistic than the liberal optimism of realism
Emile Zola -
*French novelist
*Naturalism user
*Portrayed grim gritty settings like urban slums and industrial coalfields
*Stressed the impact of environment and heredity on characters
*Wrote a twenty volume series of novels called the Rougon-Macquart |
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Definition
| it was new and different in the sense that for the first time since the Renaissance artists moved away from trying to represent reality as accurately as possible . Modernism was the search for new forms of artistic expression |
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