Term
| What was agreed upon at the Tehran Conference? |
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Definition
| US, UK, Soviets agree to crush Germany- US and UK through France, Soviets through Eastern Europe |
|
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Term
| What was agreed upon at the Yalta Conference? |
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Definition
German "zones"
Reparations to Soviets
Soviets declare war on Japan after Nazis are defeated
freely elected but "pro-Russian" govts |
|
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Term
| What was agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference? |
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Definition
| No truly free elections in E. Europe |
|
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Term
| How did the United States attempt to "get tough" following failed compromises with the Soviet Union? Why was it criticized as just "tough talk?" |
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Definition
No aid to USSR
No recognition of Communist govts
But, demobilized troops, just "tough talk?" |
|
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Term
| What was the Truman Doctrine? |
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Definition
1) "contain" Communism
2) military aid -> Greece + Turkey |
|
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Term
| What was the Marshall Plan? |
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Definition
| US econ aid to non-Soviet Europe |
|
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Term
| Why did the United States form the NATO? How did Stalin counter? |
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Definition
1) est. of Soviet-style dictatorships in E. Europe, most notably Czechoslovakia
2) attempted Soviet blockade of West Berlin
He formed the Warsaw Pact |
|
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Term
| Were China and Korea Eastern bloc or Western bloc victories? |
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Definition
China- E. Victory (communist)
Korea- truce, N. Korea communist, S. Korea democratic |
|
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Term
| In what countries did the Christian Democrats take power? What were Christian Democratic ideals? Who were important leaders of the party? |
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Definition
Italy- Alcide De Gaspari
France
Germany- Konrad Adenauer, Ludwig Erhard
Democracy, economy, cooperation, social reform |
|
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Term
| How were post-WW2 socialists influential in Europe? |
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Definition
-welfare measures: allowances, health insurance, housing
-UK under Atlee- welfare state, nationalized industry |
|
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Term
| In West Germany, ______ established a _____ economy with social welfare measures. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In post WW2 France, _____ established a _____ economy with social welfare measures. |
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Definition
Jean Monnet
mixed- nationalized banks invest in business but private econ. |
|
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Term
| What was the Council of Europe? Were its goals achieved? |
|
Definition
attempt at political unity of Europe
No, Britain refuses to give up power |
|
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Term
| Who created the Coal and Steel Community? What was its goal? |
|
Definition
Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman
Bind 6 member states so closely economically that war is impossible |
|
|
Term
| What was the Treaty of Rome? |
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Definition
creates EEC/ Common Market
no tariffs among 6 member states to create a single market to compete with US |
|
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Term
| How did French action in the 1960's detract from the goal of European unity? |
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Definition
De Gaulle
-Out of NATO
-Own nukes
-vetoed Commmon Market majority rule |
|
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Term
| What are characteristics of Indian decolonization? |
|
Definition
Ntlism -> Parl. Lib'lism
-Gandhi's non-violence
-2 states: Hindu India, Muslim Pakistan |
|
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Term
| What are characteristics of Chinese decolonization? |
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Definition
Ntlism -> Communism
-Stalin supports Mao, US supports Chiang
-Mao w/ peasants win, establish a Soviet-style state |
|
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Term
| Which Vietnamese nationalist led forces against the French? What was the result? |
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Definition
Ho Chi Minh
2 Vietnamese States |
|
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Term
| In 1944, the French gave up League of Nations mandates in _____ and _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was the result of the 1947 British decision to leave Palestine? |
|
Definition
2 states- Arab and Jewish
Jewish Israel gets more land because of a military hold-off of Arabs |
|
|
Term
| How did Egypt ultimately gain independence in 1956? |
|
Definition
Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal
France, Britain, Israel invade, but US and Soviets force them to withdraw |
|
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Term
| How did Algeria gain independence in 1962? |
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Definition
| war vs. France under de Gaulle is a success |
|
|
Term
| What was the pattern of independence in Sub-Saharan Africa? |
|
Definition
British and French Commonwealths
Neo-colonialism
-increased econ+cultural ties
-special trading privileges |
|
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Term
| What is evidence that totalitarianism continued in the Soviet Union, 1945-1953? (5) |
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Definition
1) New Propaganda: "War on Capitalism..."
2) 1 party state
3) 5 year plans focused on heavy industry
4) Cultural control: anti-Western, anti-Jewish
5) exportation of communist system to E. Europe |
|
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Term
| Which country was the only country to resist Soviet domination? Under whom? |
|
Definition
| Yugoslavia- Josip Broz Tito |
|
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Term
| Which Soviet leader led the de-Stalinization movement up to 1964? What is evidence of de-Stalinization? |
|
Definition
Nikita Khrushchev
1) Anti-Stalin 20th Party Congress Speech (1956)
2) New party members
3) More consumer goods
4) Cultural freedom- some |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote Doctor Zhivago (1956) and what is it about? |
|
Definition
Boris Pasternak
-intellectual who rejects Soviet revolution and Stalinist Russia's violence and brutality |
|
|
Term
| What foreign policy decisions of Khrushchev led Soviets to view him as erratic and threatening to the party? (5) |
|
Definition
1) Poland: great autonomy (1956)
2) Crushed liberal-communist revolt in Hungary after revocation of Warsaw Pact (1956)
3) Failed attempt to de-Westernize W. Berlin (1961)
4) Berlin Wall (1961)
5) Cuban Missile Crisis ends in diplomatic failure, Soviets have to remove missiles from Cuba (1962) |
|
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Term
| Under whom did re-Stalinzation take place? What is evidence of re-Stalinization? (4) |
|
Definition
Leonid Brezhnev
1) focus on Stalin's good points
2) arms buildup to counter US
3) crushes Czech "socialism with a human face" revolt under Dubcek
4) Brezhnev Doctrine- Soviets can invade any communist country at any time |
|
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Term
| What is evidence that re-Stalinized Soviet Russia was more stable? (4) |
|
Definition
1) improved living standard
2) Privileges for ambitious
3) Great Russian Nationalism
4) Cultural Control |
|
|
Term
| What were significant and profound changes during the Brezhnev era of the Soviet Union? (3) |
|
Definition
1) growing urban population
2) more specialists and experts
3) growth of public opinion and education
-people feel the right to a voice in decision making |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Big Science? (3) |
|
Definition
1) state-sponsored
2) 1/4 to weapons
3) specialization and teamwork |
|
|
Term
| Why did Europeans fear a "brain drain" in the 60's and 70's? (2) |
|
Definition
Space Race
Us attracts Euro scientists |
|
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Term
| How did the middle class change after WW2? Why? |
|
Definition
Managers and experts replace property owners, less secure and more open (but less class tension b/c social welfare)
Demand created by industrial + tech expansion, less family owned business |
|
|
Term
| How did the lower class change after WW2? |
|
Definition
Farms and countryside -> cities
Less industrial jobs -> more service, white collar
Less class tension b/c social welfare |
|
|
Term
| What is evidence of a rising living standard in post-WW2 Europe? (5) |
|
Definition
-social security
-less % spent on food and drink
-automobiles
-"gadget revolution"
-travel, tourism |
|
|
Term
| How did economic prosperity in the 1950's and 60's affect women's roles in the private sphere? (3) |
|
Definition
-early marriage
-early childbearing
-small families = more free time |
|
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Term
| How did economic prosperity in the 1950's and 60's affect women's roles in the public sphere? (3) |
|
Definition
-full/part time work, esp in USSR
-discrimination in pay/promotion
-led to feminism |
|
|
Term
| Why did youth counterculture emerge in the 1960's? |
|
Definition
1) mass communications
2) numbers = influence
3) postwar prosperity |
|
|
Term
| What is evidence that re-Stalinized Soviet Russia was more stable? (4) |
|
Definition
1) improved living standard
2) Privileges for ambitious
3) Great Russian Nationalism
4) Cultural Control |
|
|
Term
| What were significant and profound changes during Brezhnev era of the Soviet Union? |
|
Definition
1) growing urban population
2) more specialists and experts
3) growth of public opinion education- people feel the right to a voice in decision-making |
|
|
Term
| What two areas did feminists look to make progress in? |
|
Definition
1) work- pay, day care, maternity leave
2) family- divorce, abortion, violence |
|
|
Term
| In what country were feminists most successful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the biggest reason for the decline in economic prosperity in the 70's? |
|
Definition
Rise in oil prices
-OPEC 1971
-Arab-Israeli War- US supports Israel
-Iranian Revolution- 1979 oil collapse |
|
|
Term
| Who joined the EEC/Common Market in the 70s and 80s? |
|
Definition
| Denmark, Iceland, Britain, Greece, Portugal, Spain |
|
|
Term
| How did Margaret Thatcher and Britain respond to the economic decline? |
|
Definition
social market -> free market
-privatization
-cut social welfare spending
-sell public housing |
|
|
Term
| What were social consequences of the austerity movement in the 1980's? (5) |
|
Definition
-environmentalism, Green parties
-later marriage
-conservative students
-more women working
-healthier lifestyles |
|
|
Term
| How did Francois Mitterand and France respond to the economic decline? |
|
Definition
nationalization and public investment (failed)
-austerity after 1983 |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1963)? What is it about? |
|
Definition
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Prisoner in a Soviet labor camp |
|
|
Term
| What were the main ways in which 60's and 70's youth rebelled against order? (4) |
|
Definition
1) more sex- no need for marriage
2) living together
3) anti-materialism
4) anti-Vietnam (in US) |
|
|
Term
| What caused the 1968 student revolt in Paris? (3) How was it resolved? |
|
Definition
1) Vietnam War
2) overcrowded universities
3) Complaints- impractical education
De Gaulle- troops and new elections- overwhelming vote for De Gaulle reestablishes order |
|
|
Term
| Who was the West German Chancellor that attempted to create a policy of detente? How? |
|
Definition
Willy Brandt
1) Poland- historic actions (Warsaw Ghetto Memorial)
2) Practical improvements
3) Treaties w/ USS, Czech, Poland for renunciation of force |
|
|
Term
| What actions in the 70s suggested that Cold War tensions were still apparent? (4) |
|
Definition
1) No human rights in USSR violating Helsinki Conference
2) Soviets invade Afghanistan
3) Disagreement in NATO
4) Reagan- expands navy and nukes |
|
|
Term
| What were the causes of the feminist movement? |
|
Definition
1) Changes in gender roles
2) Intellectual arguments
3) Civil rights movement model |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote The Second Sex (1949)? What is it about? |
|
Definition
Simone de Beauvoir
Existentialism- challenge social limitations |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote Feminine Mystique (1963)? What is it about? |
|
Definition
Betty Friedan
Crisis of identity- adult behavior needed |
|
|
Term
| Who founded the National Organization for Women? (NOW) |
|
Definition
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