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1.)Polish clergyman and astronomer
2.)Wrote On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
3.)Heliocentric universe |
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1.)Assistant of Tycho Brahe
2.)Formulated 3 laws of planetary motion
3.)Elliptical orbits |
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1.)Italian scientist who contributed to scientific method
2.)Used telescope
3.)Condemned by Inquisition |
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1.)Wrote Principia
2.)Laws of Gravity and Inertia |
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1.)Empiricism
2.)Inductive method based upon observation |
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1.)Empiricism
2.)Inductive method based upon observation |
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1.)Wrote Leviathan
2.)Viewed humans as naturally self-centered and prone to violence
3.)Favored absolute monarchy |
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1.)Wrote Second Treatise of Government
2.)Tabula Rasa
3.)Natural rights |
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1.)Religion required Leap of Faith
2.)Better to believe in God than not to |
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1.)French pihlosophe
2.)Wrote satire
3.)Crush the Infamous Thing |
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1.)Wrote The Social Contract and Emile
2.)Encouraged loyalty to community |
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1.)Wrote Spirit of the Laws
2.)Separation of Powers |
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1.)Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2.)Argued that woman are not naturally inferior to men |
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| Invention of the printing press (date) |
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| Peace of Augsburg ends religious war in Germany; Charles V abdicates (date) |
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| Spanish Armada defeated (date) |
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| Edict of Nantes ends French Wars of religion (date) |
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| Stuart monarchy begins in England (date) |
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| Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War (date) |
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| Charles I executed (date) |
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| Newton publishes Principia Mathematica (date) |
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| Glorious Revolution; Peter the Great's reign begins in Russia (date) |
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| Peace of Utrecht; death of Louis XIV (date) |
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| Treaty Paris ends Seven Years' War (date) |
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| American Revolution; Smith publishes Wealth of Nations (date) |
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| German peasant revolts (1525) |
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| Widespread uprising of German country people protesting economic and social injustices. Justified revolt through Luther's doctrine. |
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| Document issued by Henry IV of France granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists in 150 towns; helped restore peace in France. |
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| Spanish imperial palace built 1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence. |
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| Title given to the 16th century of Spain because of its enormous power and influence in Europe, a power that rested on Mexican and S. America gold and silver. |
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| General name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years War; recognizd the soverign authority of 300+ German princes (and thereby the end of the Holy Roman Empire as a viable state). |
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| Moderates of both religious faiths that held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse |
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| Alliance of German Lutheran princes alarmed at religious and territorial spead of Calvinism and Catholicism. Catholic princes responded with the Catholic League. The two armed camps erupted in the Thirty Years War |
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| Fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England, in his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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| Begun 24 August 1572 and extending over several weeks, the most violent series of confrontations between French Catholics and Protestants, each side trying to secure control over the weak French government. |
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| Treaty of Cateau-Chambresis (1559) |
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| Agreement that ended six decades of war (fought mainly in Italy) between French (Valois) kings and the Spanish (Habsburg) rulers. France was denied power in Italy. |
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| Alliance of 7 Northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. |
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| System of ruling where monarchs reduced the political power of the landlord nobility as they gained and monopolized their own political power. |
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| A form of government led by a ruler with absolute power. |
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| The leader of the Bradenburg who had the rightt to choose the Holy Roman emperor with six other electors bestowed prestige but had not military power. |
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| The nobility and landowning classes of the Estates of Bradenburg and Prussia. |
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| A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders. |
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| Proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713, it stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always to be passed intact to a single heir, who might be female. |
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| System used by nobles and rulers where peasants were bound first to the land they worked and then, by degrading obligations to the lords they served. |
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| A newly emerging class who held the tsars land on the explicit condition that they serve in the tsar's army. |
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| Descartes view of the world as consisting of two fundamental entities matter and mind. |
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| The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe; this had enormous scientific and relgiious implications. |
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| Theory of inductive reasoning where you should go beyond speculation and begin to compare and analyze the subject. |
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| The adapttion, albeit varied of enlightened governing into the rule of absolute monarchs often at the insistence of philosophes. |
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| A world-view that has played a large role in shaping the modern mind. Included the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress. |
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| Galileo's greatest achievement; rather than speculate about what might or should happen in an experiment, he conducted controlled experiments to find out what actually did happen. |
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| A law formulated by Galileo that stated that rest was not the natural state of object. Rather, an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. |
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| Law of Universal Gravitation |
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| Every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship. |
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| Intelluctals in France who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment. |
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| The idea that with the proper method of discovering the laws of human existence, it was possible for humans to create better societies and better people. |
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| Nothing was to be accepted on faith, everything was to be submitted to the rational, critical, scientific way of thinking. |
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| Elegant private drawing rooms where talented and rich Parisian women held regular social gatherings to discuss literature, science and philosophy |
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| The idea that despotism could be avoided when political power was divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges. |
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| Belief that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt and that humanity's best hope was open-minded toleration |
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| Locke's belief that all ideas are derived from experience, and that the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet on which the environment writes the individuals understanding and beliefs. |
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| All the French (and European) economic and social elites who were seen as the educated or enlightened public. |
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