Term
| What were general goals of conservative authoritarian monarchs in the 20th c.? (3) |
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Definition
1) Maintain status quo "passive acceptance
2) Collect taxes
3) Recruit for army |
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Term
| Where was conservative authoritarianism most prevalent in the pre-WW2 era and why? (3) |
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Definition
E. Europe
1) Ethnic conflict
2) weak tradition of self government
3) powerful elites, small and weak MC |
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Term
| What WW2-era regimes can be considered totalitarian? What, according to this theory, caused totalitarian states to emerge, and what are characteristics of these states? (5) |
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Definition
Ge, SU
WW1 +total war, victory > all else
1) 1 party dictatorship
2) mobilized masses
3) modern tech
4) rej. of lib'lism
5) permanent, unfinished rev. |
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Term
| What WW2 era regimes can be considered fascist? What, according to this theory, caused fascist states to emerge, and what are characteristics of these states? (3) |
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Definition
Ge, It
Decaying capitalism + class conflict: rightists want to keep and maximize profits by exploiting WC
1) Expansionist ntl'ism
2) alliances w/ capitalists and landowners
3) glorification of war + leader
4) anti-socialism
5) failure to maintain long-term power |
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Term
| What was Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) and when was it implemented? (mo/yr?) |
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Definition
Limited econ. freedom for peasants and small business, but nationalized banks, industry, and RR's
March 1921 |
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Term
| What were differences in the backgrounds and ideologies of Trotsky and Stalin? |
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Definition
Trotsky: Red Army Hero, Permanent Rev. throughout Europe
Stalin: General secretary: Soc'ism in 1 country |
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Term
| How did Stalin take power? |
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Definition
1) aligned with Trotsky's enemies
2) aligned with moderates
3) Once radicals were gone, crushed moderates, too |
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Term
| What were the goals of the Five Year Plan? |
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Definition
- new loyalties, new humanity
-catch up with West through staggering economic progress
-150% proj. incr. in agr., 250% proj. incr. in industry |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Five Year Plan on the peasants? |
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Definition
"class enemy"- declares war on peasantry to est. pol. control
-collectivization- private-> state farms
-kulaks (well-off peasants)- "liquidated as a class"- starvation and labor camps |
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Term
| What were the results of the first Five Year Plan with respect to agriculture? |
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Definition
-Economic and human disaster
-little increased output
-but grain for city, peasants get tiny family plots
-political victory- no threat from peasants |
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Term
| Why and how did Stalin punish the Ukranians in 1932? |
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Definition
Too high quotas = man-made famine b/c
Reactionary nationalism |
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Term
| What were the results of the first Five Year Plan with respect to industry? |
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Definition
-4x ind. growth from 1928-1937
-Heavy industry grows rapidly, consumer industry slowly
-urban development |
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Term
| What factors led to the success of the Five Year Plan on industry? (3) |
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Definition
1) Heavy, hidden sales taxes
2) Firm labor discipline- trade unions have little power
3) foreign experts |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Five Year Plan on daily life? |
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Definition
No improvement in std. of living
-idealism, old age pension, free med service, edu., day care, no unemployment
-but hard life, housing shortages |
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Term
| What accounts for the rise of education in Soviet society? |
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Definition
-incentives for skills and technical education
-privileges for educated elite- new u.c. |
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Term
| Who was the most prominent Bolshevik feminist who argued for sexual liberation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Stalin's view of women's rights contrast with the laws of the Russian Revolution? |
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Definition
-less family rights, focus on work and edu.
-women told they need to be equal. some opportunity but difficult jobs |
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Term
| What was the impact of Stalin on Russian culture? |
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Definition
-culture's "loss of autonomy": Stalin's "cult of personality"
Engineers of human minds- rewriting of Russian history |
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Term
| What event prompted Stalin's reign of terror in 1934? |
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Definition
| murder of Stalin's close advisor, Sergei Kirov |
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Term
| What are possible explanations for Stalin's Great Purges? |
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Definition
-need for enemies and permanent Rev.
-need for new, loyal party members
-exaggerated but real fears |
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Term
| Which groups were unsatisfied with Italy's Parliamentary democracy and why? (5) |
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Definition
1) Nationalists- T. of Versailles
2) Workers, peasants- no land reform
3) Socialists- want revolution
4) Middle class- scared of socialism
5) Church- wants influence |
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Term
| How did Mussolini consolidate power? Which aspects are totalitarian and which are conservative? (7) |
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Definition
1) New Electoral law- party w/ most votes gets 2/3 of reps
2) Murder of Giacomo Matteoti (soc. leader) (T)
3) Arrest of opponents, no labor unions, Fascist schools (T)
4) No ind. freedoms, censorship (T)
5) Compromise w/ conservatives and church (C)
6) Capitalism and no land reform (C)
7) No racial persecution until late, no police state (C) |
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Term
| How did Mussolini take power? |
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Definition
Black shirts cause chaos
March on Rome, 1922
King asks Mussolini to form a gov't |
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Term
| What was the Lateran Agreement? |
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Definition
| Mussolini establishes Vatican City as a tiny indep. state, church gets heavy financial support from Italy |
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Term
| How did Mussolini treat women? |
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Definition
-traditional marriage roles
-10% job quota |
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Term
| What were Hitler's core beliefs that shaped Nazism and who most influenced them? |
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Definition
-Extreme ntl'ism and racism, Social Darwinism
-Stab in the back theory
Vienna's Karl Lueger |
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Term
| What was the significance of the Beer Hall Putsch (1923)? |
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Definition
Hitler learns to undermine, not overthrow gov't
Gains attention and publicity at trial |
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Term
| What are the themes of Hitler's Mein Kampf? |
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Definition
1) Lebensraum- living space
2) Fuhrer- leader-dictator |
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Term
| The Nazi party originally consisted of whom? |
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Definition
| SA (brown shirts) + 100K members under Hitler's direct control |
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Term
| Why did Hitler take power? |
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Definition
1) Impact of depression -> appeal to mc, lc, youth
2) Breakdown of democracy- Bruning's policies worsen depression
3) Division on left: CP and SD
4) Hitler as skilled speaker
5) Political "dark arts" and support of army and business |
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Term
| How did Hitler legally take power? |
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Definition
1) Jan. 1933- chancellor
2) Feb.- Reichstag fire, blame on Communists
3) Marc.- Enabling Act = dictatorship |
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Term
| What were political characteristics of Hitler's government? |
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Definition
1 party system
"fractured and overlapping system"- internal rivalries to maintain control |
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Term
| How did Hitler change the economy? |
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Definition
-public works and rearmament --> jobs
-no labor unions or striking allowed |
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Term
| Who led the SS, and why did it replace the SA in Hitler's regime? |
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Definition
Heinrich Himmler
-too powerful, and plans of a second rev against capitalism |
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Term
| What were the Nuremberg Laws? |
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Definition
| -Deprived Jews of all civil rights |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized wave of violence in 1938- blame on Jews |
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Term
| What accounts for Hitler's popularity? |
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Definition
1) Economic recovery
2) Feeling of greater social equality
3) Nationalism |
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Term
| What were Hitler's views on women? |
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Definition
| Women- traditional household role |
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Term
| Why did resistance to Nazism fail? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why did other European powers allow Hitler's aggression? |
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Definition
British- appeasement b/c of guilt towards Germany and pacifist population (Anglo-German naval agreement)
French not powerful enough w/o Britain
Italy aligns with Germany (Rome-Berlin Axis- 1935)
Soviets remain neutral |
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Term
| What land did Hitler claim prior to the start of WW2? |
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Definition
1936- militarizes Rhineland
Mar. 1938- takes Austria
Sept. 1938- takes Sudetenland
Mar. 1939- takes rest of Czechoslovakia
Aug. 1939- Nazi-Soviet Pact = blitzkrieg war on Poland |
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Term
| What were initial German successes in Spring 1940? |
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Definition
Denmark, Norway, Holland, France
Dunkirk- Surrounds British army and forces a retreat (but left their equipment safely) |
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Term
| What were two key turning points in 1940-1941? |
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Definition
Jul-Oct 1940- Battle of Britain and bombing, Britain survives
June 1941- Soviets stall the Germans after defeats in Leningrad, Moscow, and Ukraine |
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Term
| Where were most Nazi death camps located? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who was a Holocaust survivor who wrote Survival in Auschwitz (1947)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Daniel Goldhagen's argument for the cause of the Holocaust differ from older arguments? |
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Definition
| -ordinary Germans to blame, not leadership |
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Term
| What created tension between the US and Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor? |
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Definition
-tensions in China and Indochina- necessary for Britain
-Japan needs oil and scrap metal- US stops selling, reducing Japanese oil by 90% |
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Term
| Why did the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere" lose support of conquered people over the course of WW2? |
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Definition
-no independent governments given power
-cruelty and exploitation b/c of losing war effort |
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Term
| What were policies of the Grand Alliance? |
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Definition
1) Europe first
2) unconditional surrender
3) military, not political issues |
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Term
| What was the greatest advantage of the Grand Alliance? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What happened in the Soviet Union in 1942-1943? |
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Definition
Stalingrad- def. German 6th army of 300k men
Retreat in Summer 1943 after Russians break siege of Leningrad and Moscow |
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Term
| What was the tactical strategy of the Allies from 1942-43? |
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Definition
Through Africa (El Alamein, 1942) and into Italy (1943)- Mussolini out, Nazis in
Meanwhile, bomb German cities |
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Term
| In the largest naval invasion in history, Americans under _____ landed in _____ in June 1944. |
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Definition
Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
Normandy |
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Term
| In [mo. yr.], the Germans surrendered when the Soviets and Americans met on the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were key battles in the War of the Pacific, 1942-45? |
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Definition
Coral Sea, 1942- saves Australia
Midway, 1942- naval equality w/ Japan
Guadalcanal, 1942- Solomon islands
Leyte Gulf, 1944- closes in on Japanese navy
Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 1945 |
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