Term
| What accounted for the rise of global inequality after 1750 between Europe and the Third World? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the general pattern of wages in Europe and the Third World until 1913. |
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Definition
Europe- rapid increase after 1750
Third World- wages stagnate at a low level |
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Term
| The value of world trade in 1913 was __ times what it had been in 1800. |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Great Britain play a key role in the growth of the 19th c. world economy? (3) |
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Definition
1) colonial empire- first in Europe
2) IR and exports- variety
3) free trade after 1846 repeal of Corn Laws |
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Term
| What (technological) developments allowed Europeans to "conquer distance" and take advantage of the world economy? (4) |
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Definition
1) Railroads
2) Steam power and steel = better ships
3) Panama and Suez Canals
4) Transoceanic telegraph cables, faster communication |
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Term
| During the Age of Imperialism, what fraction of capital was invested in Western countries? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was foreign trade with China regulated before the 19th c.? Why? |
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Definition
kimited trade (no opium) + foreign merchants only in Canton
China was self-sufficient |
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Term
| What led Britain and China into conflict in the 1820's and 30's? |
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Definition
| opium trade- opium to China, silver to West |
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Term
| What was the direct cause of the first (1839-1842) war between Britain and China? What were the results? (What treaty?) |
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Definition
Lin Tse-Hsu expels foreigners
China surrenders (Br- Indian troops, navy)
Treaty of Nanking
1) HK to Britain
2) 4 large trade cities opened
3) $100 mil. indemnity |
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Term
| Who invaded Beijing from 1856-1860? What were the results? (2) |
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Definition
Britain and France
1) Merchants and Missionaries: protection and privileges
2) Foreigner-friendly trade |
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Term
| How was Japan "opened" to Western trade in 1853? |
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Definition
Matthew Perry's "gunboat diplomacy"- negotiation or war
Japan- treaty allowing ports and free trade |
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Term
| After the French Revolution, how did Muhammad Ali reform Egypt's military? How did he support his military economically? |
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Definition
Drafted peasants, hired for. experts
Reformed gov't, sponsored commercial agriculture- Estates w/ landlords w/ provided incentive to modernize agr.- but peasants suffer |
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Term
| Muhammad Ali's grandson Ismail took over in 1863 as ______, or prince. How did he modernize Egypt? (4) |
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Definition
khedive
1) Irrigation networks and cotton
2) Suez Canal (1869)
3) Arabic replaces Turkish as language
4) Cairo Westernized |
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Term
| Why did Egypt come under European control by 1876? What was the response to European control? What were the ultimate results? |
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Definition
-Foreign debt, Ismail cannot pay off
-Rxn: Colonal Ahmed Arabi and Egyptian Nationalist Party, Riots and Br bombing of Alexandria (1882)
-Results: British rule until 1956, facade of khedive gov't w/ Br civ service, some econ reforms |
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Term
| In the 19th c., Europe's population increased by __% and in 1914, Europe's population was __% of the world's. |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the patterns and trends of emigration in the years 1850-1914 from:
1) Europe
2) Great Britain and Ireland
3) Germany
4) Italy |
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Definition
1) Europe- rapid increase- peaks around 1880, 1910
2) GB+I: peaks around 1880, 1910
3) Ge: peak around 1880 then decline
4) Italy: steep increase to 1914 |
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Term
| What were commmon destinations for European immigrants in the later 19th/earlier 20th c.? (6) What % went to the US? |
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Definition
US, Asiatic Russia, Argentina, Canada, Australia/New Zealand, Brazil
45 |
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Term
| What kind of person was the typical European migrant? |
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Definition
| Small peasant landowner or village craftsman threatened by "Dwarf economy" |
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Term
| Why were migrants generally assets to the countries that received them? (3) |
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Definition
1) Young age
2) Unmarried
3) Hardworking and motivated |
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Term
| What is repatriation? What determined its likelihood for European emigrants? |
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Definition
Return of immigrants to native land
Availability and price of land |
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Term
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Definition
| Italian migrants who "flew" between Italy and Argentina to harvest two wheat crops, saving money |
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Term
| Why did Asians also partake in the Great Migration? What jobs did they do? What was a key response to Asian migration? |
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Definition
rural hardship and search for new labor
physical labor, mines, RR's
1880- "whites only" policies |
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Term
| What years were referred to as the different "new imperialism?" How was it different? |
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Definition
1880-1914
Political empires and territorial conquest became involved |
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Term
| In 1835, the Boers/Afrikaners began to take land from the _____ and _____ tribes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which British leader began consolidating South African land in the late 19th c.? How did he also make Africa into an economically viable possession? |
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Definition
Cecil Rhodes
De Beers mining co- gold mines |
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Term
| Who fought in the Boer/South African War (1899-1902)? What was the result? |
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Definition
British vs. Boers
Union of South Africa formed- self-governing but largely European colony- Boers get power back slowly because of population |
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Term
| Which explorer, under which monarch from which country, established a colony in the Congo Basin? Who responded by sending whom to establish a protectorate on the North Congo River? |
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Definition
Henry Stanley
Leopold II of Belgium
France
Pierre de Brazza |
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Term
| What was the main economic commodity of the Congo? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the results of the Berlin Conference? (yr?) Which important political leaders participated? |
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Definition
"effective occupation" for international recognition of colonies
1885
Jules Ferry, Bismarck |
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Term
| What was the result of the Battle of Khartoum? (yr?) |
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Definition
British forces under Gordon defeated by Sudanese
1885 |
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Term
| What was the results of the Battle of Omdurman? (yr?) |
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Definition
British under Gen. Kitchener def. Sudanese allowing Br. to continue up the Nile
1898 |
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Term
| What was the result of the meeting at Fashoda? (yr?) Why? |
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Definition
British and French meet, French withdraw
1898
Dreyfus affair- France wanted to avoid further domestic problems |
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Term
| What were two important characteristics of the general European process of African empire building? |
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Definition
1) Euro's vastly superior military
2) Euro's not willing to fight each other over African territory (like at Fashoda) |
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Term
| Which Western powers gained which significant Asian territories in the 19th c.? |
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Definition
Dutch- All of Indoniesia
French- Indochina
Russians- Manchuria, Caucasus and some of C. Asia
U.S.- Philippines (Sp-Am War) |
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Term
| What were the most important reasons for European imperialism? |
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Definition
| political/diplomatic reasons and nationalism (NOT economic) |
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Term
| Economic motives for imperialism were most important for which 19th c. European nation? Why? |
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Definition
Britain
Loss of early industrial lead --> turn to old colonies like India to avoid being left behind if others establish tariffs and restrictions on their empires |
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Term
| Why were colonies important for political and diplomatic motives? |
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Definition
National security- ports and safe havens
Strategy in Wartime- like Suez Canal |
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Term
| What theory did Europeans use to justify racism in their imperialistic conquests? |
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Definition
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Term
| What technological developments after 1880 allowed Europeans to conquer Africa through force? (4) |
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Definition
1) Machine Gun
2) Quinine (treatment for malaria)
3) Steamship
4) Telegraph |
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Term
| How did political leaders use imperialism to counter social tensions and domestic conflicts? |
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Definition
| to create a false sense of national unity |
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Term
| What were special-interest groups that benefited from imperialism? (4) |
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Definition
1) Shipping companies
2) White settlers
3) Missionaries and humanitarians
4) Military officials |
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Term
| Which British writer was of the first to justify imperialism by the "White Man's Burden?" |
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Definition
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Term
| How did European control often affect African culture? (2) |
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Definition
1) Euro culture's influence
2) Christianity |
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Term
| Who wrote Imperialism (1902)? What were its ideas? |
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Definition
J.A. Hobson
Imperialism is surplus capital as a result of unregulated capitalism only benefiting the rich at the expense of taxpayers and natives
Diversion from social needs at home |
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Term
| Were economic or moral arguments against imperialism more influential? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who wrote Heart of Darkness (1902) and what is it about? |
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Definition
Joseph Conrad
liberal scholar turns into a selfish brute-- criticizing European selfishness in African imperialism |
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Term
| What was the most significant effect of European criticism of imperialism? |
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Definition
| Provided colonial people w/ Western ideology of liberation |
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Term
| What was the general pattern of response of Africans and Asians to Western imperialism? |
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Definition
1) Anti-foreigner violence
2) West usually wins
3) Split into traditionalists and modernizers
4) Acceptance of Western Rule
5) Sometimes, non-conformist-led revolutions |
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Term
| By what year did the British East India Co. conquer the last independent native Indian state? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered the "traditionalist" response to British rule in India? |
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Definition
| 1857-1858: Great Rebellion in N+C India |
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Term
| How was India administered politically after 1858? |
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Definition
Direct rule by British Parliament
Small, white civil service in India |
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Term
| What was the role of British women in British Indian society? |
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Definition
| Direct the household and train the servants of Indian descent- focus on education |
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Term
| What was the social class structure of British India? |
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Definition
| All whites --> High-caste Hindus (intermediaries) --> Commoners |
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Term
| What were economic achievements the British made to India? (3) What was the result on the common people and why? |
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Definition
1) irrigation
2) railroads
3) tea and jute plantations
Quality of life for peasants did not improve because of population increase |
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Term
| How did the British unify India politically? How did the Indian nationalists respond? |
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Definition
Same law and administration for all of Indian subcontinent
Hindu Indian National Congress (1885), calls for home rule, or even independence (demands by 1907) |
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Term
| What was the Japanese social structure prior to 1853? |
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Definition
Figurehead emperor
Shogun (mil. govr) w/ Samurai (warrior nobility)
Peasants |
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Term
| What were the "traditionalist" and "modernizer" responses to the Western opening of Japan? |
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Definition
Trad- anti-foreigner violence (1858-63)
Mod- Meiji restoration (1867)- military, political, social, economic |
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Term
| How did Meiji Japan address political and social concerns? Which European power is considered their model? |
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Definition
Abolished feudal classes (equality)
Strong unified authoritarian state w/ powerful emperor and ministers (limited legislature)
Germany |
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Term
| How did Meiji Japan modernize its economy? (6) |
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Definition
-free (but gov't stimulated) economy
-railroads
-factories
-freedom of movement
-borrowing science and tech from West
-carefully controlled foreign experts |
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Term
| How did Meiji Japan modernize its military? (3) |
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Definition
-modern European army and navy
-professional officer corps
-3 year req military service for men |
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Term
| What territory did Japan gain during the phase of the new imperialism? How? |
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Definition
Korea (def. China in Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) officially annexed in 1910)
Taiwan (S-J war)
Manchuria (vs. Russia)
Port Arthur (Russo-Japanese War, 1904) |
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Term
| What led to the late 19th c. Qing Comeback in China? (2) |
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Definition
1) new and effective leaders- put down Tai Ping rebellion, Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi revives bureaucracy, eliminates corruption
2) less foreign aggression and foreign experts help |
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Term
| What was the effect of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) on China? |
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Definition
Foreign rush for spoils of China
No division of China but foreign intervention returns |
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Term
| What was the "traditionalist" response to the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War in China? |
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Definition
Boxer Rebellion (1900-03) violence and conservative demands
Put down by foreign armies and large assembly |
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Term
| What was the "modernizer" response to the failure of the Qing Dynasty? |
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Definition
Hundred Days of Reform (1898)
Republic of China (1912)- Sun Yat Sen establishes a Western-style republic w. elected Parliament |
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