Term
| What are two main reasons for why, despite the Industrial Revolution, European standards of living did not improve much until 1850? |
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Definition
1) Only a few industries underwent a technological rev.
2) Incr. in pop. cancelled out greater production |
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Term
| What is the primary reason why British innovators focused on better spinning technology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was Britain the first country to industrialize? (7) |
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Definition
1) Atlantic economy: favorable colonial mkt for Br. exports in colonies, no tariffs
2) Favorable geography: rivers and canals
3) Agricultural Rev creates affordable food: more demand for other products
4) Central stable govt w/ good credit, loose econ. controls
5) Central bank --> lenders
6) Natural resources: coal and iron
7) Available working class- rural mobile wage workers |
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Term
| Who invented the spinning jenny? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who invented the water frame? |
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Definition
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Term
| The early textile revolution was based on what thread material? From where? |
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Definition
Cotton
India, tiny domestic industry in Br. |
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Term
| When did the "decisive quickening of growth" in the British Industrial Revolution happen? |
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Definition
| 1780's (around same time as French Rev) |
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Term
| What are the consequences of the early textile revolution in Britain? (4) |
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Definition
1) cotton goods become cheaper, even poor people could afford body linen (underwear)
2) Weavers' pay increases
3) Power loom (Cartwright) invented to save labor costs
4) Creation of factories --> orphan exploitation |
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Term
| Lack of energy and power in the 18th c. was directly tied to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Before the steam engine, what were the main sources of energy? |
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Definition
Plant sources
-wood and charcoal: short supply
Animal and human power |
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Term
| What were the initial problems with using coal as an energy source? (2) |
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Definition
1) Inefficient conversion to energy
2) Difficult to extract from flooding mines |
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Term
| Who invented the first steam engines in 1698 and 1705? |
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Definition
| Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen |
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Term
| Who refined the steam engine, making it more efficient, and forged partnerships to introduce it into the mainstream? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the consequences of the new steam engine? (3) |
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Definition
1) Almost unlimited power (use of coke, not charcoal)
2) Adaptable for many uses
3) Promotes other breakthroughs |
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Term
| Who developed the puddling furnace and rolling mills? What was their economic consequence? |
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Definition
Henry Cort
Great boom in Br. iron industry- iron becomes cheap and basic |
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Term
| In 1825, _____ built an effective locomotive called _____ which connected Liverpool and Manchester. |
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Definition
George Stephenson
The Rocket |
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Term
| What were the significant impacts of the steam-powered locomotive and railroad? |
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Definition
1) Reduced shipping costs
2) Larger, national markets --> factories
3) Construction jobs for unskilled labor
4) Growth of urban centers
5) Changed outlook, values |
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Term
| Who were Joseph M.W. Turner and Claude Monet? |
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Definition
| Painters inspired by Industrial Age |
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Term
| Who were Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Thomas Brassey? |
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Definition
| Leading railway engineers- public idols |
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Term
| In 1851, London was the site of a famous industrial fair called the _____, held in the _____. |
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Definition
Great Exhibition
Crystal Palace |
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Term
| In the mid-19th century, Britain was truly the "workshop of the world." It produced ___ of the world's coal and ___ of the world's iron and cloth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Despite a rise in GNP, _____ sparks a debate over Britain's economic growth during the Industrial Revolution. Compare the new historical view with those of contemporaries. |
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Definition
Population growth
NEW VIEW
growth not harmful- led to individual expansion and more mobile labor force
OLD VIEW
dismal, pessimistic view- pop outstrips food supply and cancels growth |
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Term
| What work, written by whom, argues that population always outstrips food supply and natural population checks are the only way to maintain growth? |
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Definition
| Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) |
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Term
| Who postulated the Iron Law of Wages? What was it? |
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Definition
David Ricardo
Wages always sink to subsistence level |
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Term
| Comparing national levels of industrialization on a per capita basis, in 1750, _____, and in 1800, ______. |
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Definition
There was economic parity
Britain in lead |
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Term
| On continental Europe, variations in ______ and ______ of industrialization were apparent. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to the rest of the world (especially China and India), how successful was Europe as a whole at industrializing? What resulted from this? |
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Definition
Much more successful: West industrialized while East de-industrialized
Heightened existing inequalities in power and wealth |
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Term
| Why didn't continental Europe industrialize until 1815? (3) |
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Definition
Wartime creates:
1) Less trade
2) Inflation
3) Social anxiety |
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Term
| Even after 1815, what disadvantages did continental Europe face in terms of industrialization? (3) |
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Definition
1) cheap British goods
2) Few understand new tech.
3) Large investments needed |
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Term
| After 1815, what advantages did the continent have that led to industrialization? (2) |
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Definition
1) Putting-out system as model
2) Can steal British tech
3) Strong, interested govts |
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Term
| Who is primarily responsible for introducing the new technology in Belgium? In Prussia? |
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Definition
William Cockerill
Fritz Harkort |
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Term
| How did continental governments support industrialization? (4) |
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Definition
1) Tariff protection
2) State-sponsored Railroads, guarantee of RR construction --> investor confidence
3) Econ. nationalism --> customs unions (free trade zones)
4) Banks |
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Term
| What were the ideas of Friedrich List? What work (1841) defends his policies? |
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Definition
Econ. nationalism- focused on RR building and tariff, considered growth of modern industry extremely important in defense, denounced British free trade
National System of Political Economy |
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Term
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Definition
| a customs union among German states, goods can pass through member states w/ no tariff, single uniform tariff against non-member states (1834) |
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Term
| What is limited liability, and what country was the first to use it in their banks? |
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Definition
stockholders can only lose original investment
Belgium |
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Term
| The most famous French corporate bank was ______ founded by ______. |
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Definition
Credit Mobilier
Isaac and Emile Pereire |
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Term
| The 19th c. is termed the "Golden Age of ______." This class was formerly comprised of _____, but the new class was comprised of _____. |
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Definition
the Middle Class
Merchants, professionals
Factory owners, engineers, etc. |
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Term
| What is "class-consciousness?" |
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Definition
| Shared feelings and values, sense of membership in a group due to class attitudes |
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Term
| Describe the background of early factory owners. |
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Definition
Varied backgrounds- Some from rich merchant families, others from working class take advantage of new opportunities
Religious diversity (Quakers and Scots, Protestants and Jews) |
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Term
| How did the second generation of factory owners (1830 Britain, 1860 France & Germany) differ from their parents? (3) |
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Definition
1) more likely to inherit
2) Stronger class-consciousness
3) Less opportunity for women |
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Term
| Who were William Blake And William Wordsworth? |
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Definition
| Romantic poets- criticized industrialization |
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Term
| Who wrote, "I charge the English middle classes with wholesale murder and robbery?" In what work? |
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Definition
| Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844) |
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Term
| What did Engels blame for industrial workers' poverty? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories and smashed machines, believing that industry was putting them out of work |
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Term
| Who were Andrew Ure and Edwin Chadwick? |
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Definition
| Supporters of factory conditions |
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Term
| Did contemporaries mostly believe factory conditions were getting worse over the course of the Industrial Revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does statistical evidence of purchasing power during the Industrial Revolution show? Why do historians believe this evidence to be true? |
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Definition
1780-1820: little/no increase in purchasing power
-because of war, high prices, tough conditions
1820-1840: wages grow substantially, 1840-1850: greatest econ improvement
-however, higher wages b/c of longer hours, better diet but worse housing |
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Term
| Why were cottage workers reluctant to work in the new factories? (4) What did this lead to? |
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Definition
1) Long, boring work
2) New discipline
3) Can't set own schedule
4) Resemblance to poorhouses
-Leads to hiring of abandoned and pauper children, exploitation |
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Term
| After 1790, pauper child labor was replaced by ______. |
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Definition
| whole families working together |
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Term
| How did the Factory Act of 1833 break the pattern of family work? (2) |
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Definition
1) Children can't work, have to go to factory-established schools. Limited hours for adolescents
2) Can't work as family units because of efficient standardized shifts |
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Term
| Who was Robert Owen and what did he do? |
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Definition
Criticized child labor
Led effort to create a national trade union in Br- Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (1834) |
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Term
| Between 1790 and 1840, many manufacturers and builders hired workers through middlemen called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the new sexual division of labor? What evidence supports this? (4) |
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Definition
-Separate spheres- men as primary breadwinner
1) Craftwork for women at home
2) Married, working women from poorest families
3) Young, unmarried women worked
4) Women's wages too low for independence |
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Term
| Why was there a new sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution? (3) |
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Definition
1) "discipline of the clock affected child care"
2) Running household was a full time job
3) Job segregation as a response to illegitimacy explosion |
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Term
| What was the Mines Act of 1842? What was the reaction to it? |
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Definition
Prohibited underground work for women and boys under 10
A few women unhappy, but most were pleased with law |
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Term
| By 1850, to what extend did old jobs coexist with factory work? |
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Definition
| To a great extent: farming, domestic service, small workshops still very prevalent |
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Term
| What were the Combination Acts (1799) and how did capitalists respond? |
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Definition
Outlaws unions and strikes in Britain
Many ignored it --> repeal in 1824 |
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Term
| What did the repeal of the Combination Acts lead to? |
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Definition
Attempt of Owens and others to create a single large national union
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, collapsed in 1851 |
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Term
| Describe the direction of the labor movement after the collapse of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1851. |
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Definition
1) Craft unions or "New Model Unions"- guild-like
2) Chartist movement- seeks democracy to defend workers' interests. |
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