Term
| Why did serfdom reemerge in Eastern Europe in the 15th/16th c.? (3) |
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Definition
1. Loss of free movement
2. Heavier labor obligations
3. Manipulation of legal system |
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Term
| What is hereditary subjugation? |
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Definition
| Peasants bound to the land from one generation to the next. |
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Term
| What is the main economic factor that drove the reemergence of serfdom? |
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Definition
| Growth of estate agriculture demand for food (esp from W. Eur. rises) |
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Term
| Were economic or political factors more responsible for the reemergence of serfdom? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are political factors that led to the growth of Eastern serfdom? |
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Definition
1. Political aristocrats
2. Weak or agreeable monarchs
3. Weak selling power of peasants
4. Weak towns/m.c. |
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Term
| Why were the religious tensions in the period leading up to the Thirty Years' War? What did religious groups form because of this? |
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Definition
Disputes over religion of land - probs with Peace of Augsburg, Calvinism excluded. Problems of conversion
Protestant Union, Catholic League - each wanted to stop exp. of other |
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Term
| What is the first phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Who leads each side and who wins? |
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Definition
Bohemian phase
Ferdinand (Catholic) vs. Frederick (Prot.)
Catholics win, Bohemia completely Catholic |
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Term
| What are the results of the Battle of White Mountain? (yr?) |
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Definition
| Catholics defeat Protestants, leads Catholics to convert all of Bohemia (1620) |
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Term
| What is the second phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Who leads each side and who wins? |
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Definition
Danish Phase
Wallenstein (Cath) vs. Christian IV (Prot.)
Catholic Victory |
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Term
| What was the Edict of Restitution? |
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Definition
All Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 restored
Only Catholics + Lutherans have religious freedom |
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Term
| What is the third phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Who leads the Protestants? |
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Definition
Swedish phase
Gustavus Adolphus |
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Term
| What are the results and consequences of the Battles of Breitenfeld and Lutzen? |
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Definition
Protestant comeback (Victories)
Adolphus killed in battle
Habsburgs stop trying to unite Germany |
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Term
| The Swedes' defeat at the ______ prompts the _____ to enter the war on the _______ side. |
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Definition
Battle of Nordlingen
French
Protestant |
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Term
| What is the fourth phase of the Thirty Years' War called? Describe it. |
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Definition
French phase
Long struggle, decimated land with neither side able to win |
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Term
| How was the Peace of Westphalia a turning point in European history? |
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Definition
| End to all religious wars |
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Term
| What are the political effects of the Peace of Westphalia? (5) |
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Definition
1. Princes in HRE maintain power
2. Netherlands officially recognized
3. France and Sweden strengthened
4. HRE and Papacy weakened
5. Peace of Augsburg reaffirmed with Calvinism permissible |
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Term
| What are the social effects of the Thirty Years' War? (2) |
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Definition
1. Destruction of land, agriculture, trade in Germany
2. Serfdom rises, nobles prosper |
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Term
| Generally, how did Eastern monarchs gain sovereignty and establish absolutism in the 17th c.? (3) |
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Definition
1. Permanent taxes
2. Standing army
3. Control of foreign policy |
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Term
| How did Austria establish Bohemia? Under which ruler? |
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Definition
Def. Protestant uprising t White Mountain in 1670
Reduced power of Bohemian Estates
Took land from Prot. nobles, gave them to Catholic nobles + for atristocrats
Ferdinand II |
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Term
| What are the consequences of Austrian control over Bohemia? (2) |
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Definition
1. Peasants conditions worsen - robot: 3 days unpaid labor
2. No more Protestantism: Unity |
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Term
| The Thirty Years' War led the Habsburgs to focus ____ to unify their holdings. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were achievements of Ferdinand III? (2) |
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Definition
1. Consolidates core Austrian holdings under a strong centralized gov.
2. Permanent standing army |
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Term
| After the __________, Hungary was divided between the Habsburgs and Ottomans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the Hungarian nobility remain powerful despite Habsburg attempts at absolutism? (4) |
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Definition
1. Turkish military allies
2. National ideal
3. Habsburg preoccupation with War of Sp. Succession
4. Rebellion under Rakoczy |
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Term
| What is evidence that Austria was successful in imposing absolutism in the 17th c.? (5) |
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Definition
1. Funds for army
2. German language
3. Catholicism
4. Vienna - Schoenbunn
5. Pragmatic Sanction - Habsburg possessions not to be divided even if a woman has to take throne |
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Term
| After 1400, Prussia was at least nominally ruled by the ____ family. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were problems Prussia faced in 17th c. Statebuilding? (2) |
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Definition
1. Geography - no defense - "Sandbox of HRE"
2. Powerful aristocracy (Junkers) |
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Term
| How did the Great Elector gain sovereignty from the Junkers? (2) |
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Definition
1. 30 Yrs War softens up estates, urgent need for military fund
2. Nobles' power confirmed in exchange for sovereignty. Serfs lose power, taxes on towns |
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Term
| What are indications that the Great Elector was successful at building an absolutist state? (2) |
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Definition
1. Permanent taxation of estates - 3x revenue
2. Standing army - 10x size |
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Term
| What was Frederick-William I's character? His nickname? |
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Definition
-Disciplined and militaristic "penny pinching"
"Soldier's King" |
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Term
| How did Frederick-William I expand Prussian absolutism? (2) |
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Definition
1. Army - put aristocrats into army, using threats and opportunities - 4th biggest army, 12th biggest pop. of Europe. First-rate + organized. Militaristic society "Sparta of North"
2. Horest + conscientious bureaucracy |
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Term
| How did the _____ nobles of Russia break free from the Mongol Yoke? |
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Definition
Muscovite
Princes of Moscow consolidated power, defeated princely rivals. They then stop acknowledging the Khan as their rule and took over politically-economically. |
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Term
| How did Muscovite Princes claim to legitimize their authority? How was it actually legitimate? |
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Definition
Theoretical autocrats and heirs to Rome and Constantinople (marriage of Ivan III and last Byz emp.'s daughter)
Consensus with boyars + nationalism and loyalty to Russian Orthodox Church |
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Term
| Who were the Russian Service nobility? |
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Definition
| Tsars creating new nobles personally loyal to tsar in exchange for land. Service nobles also have to serve in army |
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Term
| What were Ivan IV's (r. 1533-1589) accomplishments in his absolutist rule? (2) |
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Definition
1. Adds Kazan + Astrachan (Prev. Mongol) to Russia
2. Forces nobles/boyars to serve tsar to hold land |
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Term
| In 1557, Ivan IV waged a 25-year exhausting, unsuccessful war against _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Ivan IV create social unrest? |
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Definition
1. Execution of enemies --> boyar massacres
2. Weakened m.c. with service obligations
3. Cossack revolts --> even more oppression of peasants |
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Term
| What events characterized the Time of Troubles in Russia (1598-1613)? |
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Definition
1. Palace intrigue
2. Polish/Swedish invasion
3. Cossack revolt by Bolotnikov, 1613 |
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Term
| Who was elected as tsar by the nobles after the Time of Troubles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the patriarch in 1652 who tried to combine Greek and Russian orthodox practices, leading to rebellion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who led the Cossack revolt in 1670 against the Russian state under Alexis Romanov? |
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Definition
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Term
| What land did the Romanov tsars gain for Russia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Peter the Great's motivations for attacking Sweden and initiating the Great Northern War? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who allied on the Russian side of the Great Northern War? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of the Battle of Narva? (yr?) |
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Definition
Swedish army routs Russia, Russia forced to retreat to Moscow
1700 |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance of land by one son only |
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Term
| To Peter the Great, modernization of Russia meant _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Russia gain for winning the Great Northern War? |
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Definition
Estonia and Latvia
becomes dominant power on Baltic Sea and a European Great Power |
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Term
| What are the results of the Battle of Poltava? (yr?) |
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Definition
Russians crush Swedes, turning point of war
1709 |
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Term
| How did Peter the Great militarize Russia during the Great Northern War? (7) |
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Definition
1) Nobles have to either serve in army or civil service
2) Schools and universities, mandatory education
3) Military-civilian embryonic meritocracy
4) brought in foreign experts
5) Increased taxes
6) Peasants- drafted for life
7) Serfs --> factories and mines |
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Term
| Why did Peter the Great construct St. Petersburg? (2) |
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Definition
1. Provide a more geographically favorable administrative capital than Moscow
2. Make a modern, Western city |
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Term
| How was St. Petersburg constructed? Who funded it? |
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Definition
Forced peasant labor
Taxes on the wealthy nobles |
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Term
| Who brought Italian influence to St. Petersburg's architecture in the mid-18th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the Ottomans conquered territory, how did they treat those whom they conquered? |
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Definition
| They were fairly lenient and borrowed ideas (Byzantines, Persians, Arabs) |
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Term
| What are the results of the Battle of Lepanto (1571)? |
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Definition
| Ottoman expansion stopped in Europe |
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Term
| How did the Ottoman system of property differ from the European one? |
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Definition
no private property, all belongs to sultan, taxes to use land
No landed nobility |
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Term
| The Ottoman bureaucracy was run by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Ottomans source their slaves and how did the slaves serve the state? |
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Definition
male children from Balkans
Most trained to fight or work in civil service, talented rise to the top of bureaucracy |
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Term
| Where did officials work and the sultan live in the Ottoman Empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the role of wives and concubines in the Ottoman Empire? |
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Definition
Sultans could only procreate with concubines and only one male heir per concubine
After Suleiman wives had children and gained more power |
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Term
| What was the janissary corps? |
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Definition
| powerful core of sultan's army |
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Term
| What was the Treaty of Passarowitz? (yr?) |
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Definition
Completes Habsburg victory over Ottomans and leads to decline of Ottoman empire
1718 |
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Term
| What was the millet system? |
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Definition
Autonomous self-governed religious-ruled provinces
Religious leaders recognize sultan's rule in exchange for sovereignty over people |
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Term
| How was the Ottoman Empire clearly an Islamic state despite extensive religious toleration? (2) |
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Definition
1) Religious schools
2) Islamic law courts |
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