1) possession over the French throne

2) control of Flanders

3) already historical rivalry between France/England

1)England develops clothing industry

2)heavy tax burden on peasants causing future revolts

3)France transitions away from feudalism

4)Kings wanted paid armies as opposes to lords' knights

1) 1/3 population died

2) literature and art were pessimistic

3) Farms decline

4)Middle class rises

5)Luxury products high in demand

1)Peasants forced to pay taxes for war

2)Desire for higher pay

3)Angry towards aristocracy

1) Jacquerie (French peasants)

2) English Peasant Revolt

1) It was the everyday language; rich/clergy/educated spoke Latin

2) More languages came up so more people could access literature (Bibal)

1) too involved in politics

2) clergy is taxed

3) clergy taxes peasants

4) too holy to be taxed, and didn't have to go to royal court

Urban VI (Rome and HRE) and Clement VII (Avignon)

Conciliar Movement failed by bringing in a third Pope

***Council of Constince ends Great Schism by electing Pope Martin V and declares the other Popes useless.

1)Church became too politically involved under Innocent III

2) Pope Boniface declares Unam Sanctum saying he's better than EVERYTHING (King)

3) King Edward I's men kill Boniface, and no pope after this tries to really declare himself better than the king.

1)Dominated by religion

2)Fragmented Feudal Society (feudalism)

3)Agriculture/Economically based

Middle Ages: Church, feudalism, agriculture/economically based

Renaissance: urban, centralized, secular way of life

1) French invasions (Ludovico encouraged them to come)

2)Decline of Florence (Savanrola puppet to French)

3)Fighting between Spain and France

Everyone believed in the here and the now; liberal arts programs were established, and many humanists adjusted to the world believing in human virtue and public service

Civic humanism prepared leaders in politics and it revolved around the humanism within a  city

1)Christine de Pisan- celebrated women's accomplishments in her Treasure of the City of Ladies (1st Humanist)

2)Isabella de' Este- Took over Mantua after her husband died and encourage women to break away from ornamental roles (1st lady)

3)Artemesia Gentileschi- first recognized woman painter that encouraged other women to not just do portraits and poses

***Overall, othe women weren't treated that fairly.

Greek/Roman styles- Greek temple architecture

Simple, Symmetrical, and balanced (Opposite Gothic style in Middle ages)

Used chirascuro (shading) and 3-d perspective,

More emotion on faces and individual characteristics

Christian humanist who believed in a Utopian society in which people are willing to sacrifice thier rights for the common good; accumulation of property was also bad.

1)Emphasis in math and astronomy

2)Spread of maps developed w/ Printing Press

3) Emphasis on new knowledge from Renaissance/humanism

Items such as Magnetic Compass, Astrolobe, Cross Staff, and Quadrant used to determine position (latitidude/altitude/longitude) using stars.

Ships were called caravels and were crafted lighter/faster

Prince Henry the Navigator searched for spices, gold, and an all water route to Asia

Bartholomew Dias rounded tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama goes to India ending monopoly that Italy had w/ Asia

Supported by Ferdinand/Isabella, Columbus discovers the New world in the Bahamas which he believes is Japan in an attempt to find an all water route to Asia.

New land to Spain, east of Brazil & Africa to Portugal in Treaty of Tordesillas

Ferdinand Magellan (ship navigates world)

Vasco Nunez de Balboa (Pacific Ocean)

Strengthening an empire by conquering other lands and using it's profits for the main country.

Example: Spain/Portugal and exploits in the New World

According to Alphonso d' Albuquerque, establish posts on the coastal regions and conquer the Indian Ocean from there and Spice Islands.

Francis Xavier into Asia w/ Jesuits to spread Christianity

Spanish Conquistador Hernando Cortez conquered Montezuma, the Aztec King, naming the Aztec empire New Spain

Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca Empire and defeated Atahualpa

Brazil (Portugal) used many slaves from Africa

Source of Dutch Imperialism who opposed Spain in the New World with trades and opposed Portugal in Sri Lanka and other Spice islands by kicking them out.

Dutch=Netherlands

Philip had lots of money from the New World, so he decided to plan a Catholic counter offensive against the Protestants, starting in Germany/Netherlands.

*After Batlle of Lepanto w/ Turks (victorious over Turks)

Spanish Inquisition goes into Netherlands despite the Calvinists requests there causing them to destroy 400 churches.

This causes the Duke of Alva in Council of Troubles to execute many, then the Pacification of Ghent after Spanish Fury (Antwerp massacre), then WIlliam of Orange establish the Dutch Republic.

Overall, Philip gets the 10 southern provinces

King John is too ignorant and absolute, causing nobles to force him to sing the Magna Carta

Edward I advises nobles/high middle class to help him govern in a group called Parliament.

-Relgious problems and financial debt

Believer in Divine right/Absolutism

Taxed peasants because of the major financial debt

Kept England Protestant like Elizabeth I (ignored Puritans)

Dissolved Parliament 2 times (taxation/Parliamentry free speech)

Taxed too much causing the Petition of Rights by Parliament

Dissolved Parliament for his "personal reign" of thorough

Short/Long Parliament overall reducing his power and stopped the persecution of Scots to subscribe to Anglican beliefs.

Parliament and Charles I clash, but Parliament gets help from Scots and Oliver Cromwell causing Charles I (Cavaliers) to lose to Parliament (Roundheads).

Charles I is executed after being found guilty by Rump Parliament (only Puritans).

As easy as 1.. 2.. 3..!

1)Puritan centered government/representative

2)Disbands Parliament w/ fury and denies freedom to Anglican/Catholics

3)Outlawed sporting events, theater, etc leading to Restoration

William and Mary rule England

Parliament establishes Bill of Rights and gets stronger and begins to have more power over Kings.

Cabinet system established w/ Prime Minister

Decline of power for king.

1)the counter reformation

2)the growing power of the Hapsburgs

3)religious conflict in Bohemia

4)expansion of Calvinism in the HRE

-Renewed Peace of Augsburg and Calvinism

-Affected Germany's population, divided it, and caused France, Britain, and Netherlands to grow as powers.

Absolute ruler in France who said, "I am the State." and "1 king, 1 law, 1 faith."

Got France into the Golden Age and revoked the Editc of Nantes with the Edict of Fountainbleau

Used Intendant system, and got into many wars with the Spanish Netherlands and other countries (big power) causing his country to get in a financial debt.

-universities new philosophies in math and science

-studia humanitas/ancient math rediscovered

-Age of exploration (needed better ways of traveling)

Heliocentric theory about a sun centered universe

-this contradicted the geocentric theory of Ptolemy of an earth being center

- Challenged Church Book of Genesis

Gathered huge amounts of data to support his idea that the planets revolved around the sun which revolved around Earth using his observatory.

-data later used against him

Used Brahe's data to prove Heliocentric theory.

Proved that:

-planets' orbits are elliptical

-rotation speeds aren't uniform

-revolutions depend on distance from the sun

Further explained heliocentric theory using the telescope, but he was put under house arrest by orders of the Catholic Church because they thought he was going against their teachings.

-Laws of Inertia/Acceleration too

Came up with the inductive method, and he believed knowledge could benefit mankind. (used in modern sci method)

(specifics----->generalization)

-Medicine=longer life

-Navigational tools=better navigation

-Witch hunts stopped=more people thinking scientifically

Natural rights: Life, liberty, and property; not satisfied, people could rebel

Believed humans were naturally good, and that the environment and passive senses turn them bad or keep them good.

Made the first encyclopedia and stored information from the Sci Rev and Englightenment

*Criticized the Church

-Religious toleration

- Equal Rights

*Inspired by England's religious toleration

Separation of powers like checks and balances.

Inspired a constitutional monarchy to control the King.

That there shouldn't be torture or capital punishment (death penalty)

Basically, better treatment for those who broke the law.

Believed the economy should lean toward capitalism and that people should be competitive for business to be more efficient.

Government should not have much control over the economy either.

Mercantilism: Government controlled

Colonies support the mother country

Exports>Imports for favorable trade

Capitalism: Barely any government control over economy (Laissez Faire)

Competition for products for most efficiency

Took part in the Salon movement, and she wanted women everywhere to have increased rights.

*Inspired many women.

Russia/Austria caused it to fall

-Especially in the siege of Vienna from Austria which kicked them out of Europe for a long time

Pragmatic Sanction- Habsburg rulers would always get the throne and all of the empire even if s/he was a girl which gave the throne to Maria Theresa.

Attempt to stop something like the Spanish Succession.

Militarism form of government making the money go toward the military so that the army would be intimidating and no country would even dare attack Russia.

Citizens were treated as an army at this point.

First ruler from the Romanov dynasty, and he worked with the nobles, lowered the serf/peasant power, and he expanded Russia all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

*Began to get out of feudalism

-Made a huge army/navy where common people could get in if they worked hard (Table of Ranks)

-Got western areas by Finland after the Great Northern War with Sweden

-Created St. Petersburg (Like Versailles)

-Religious toleration

-Fair punishment (no death penalty/torture)

-increased education

-equal before the law

In War of Austrian Succession/Seven Years war and got Silesia

Put down Pugachev Rebellion by aiding the nobility, not the peasants, so the peasants' rights were decreased.

Helped the serfs by freeing most of them, and she had taxes go to the nobility.

Took control of the Catholic Church to lower the Pope/Jesuit influence

Made MANY reforms dealing with Enlightened deals such as:

Religious toleration

Equal law

No death penalty/torture

Freedom of press

Education increased

*Wasn't a really strong empire though.