Term
|
Definition
-Arable land divided into 3 parts
-parts divided every year to keep crop land fertile |
|
|
Term
| When did serfdom replace slavery in Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stopped around the year 1000 which made farmers more willing to build houses and large farms? |
|
Definition
| The Barbarian invasions ended |
|
|
Term
| What happened to the population in the year 1000? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened to the rate of change in the year 1000? |
|
Definition
| A person could see change in a lifetime. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sort of makeshift government
-authority fell with "counts"
-count/lord kept peace and control
-peasants did work for the lord
-"mutual and reciprocal" |
|
|
Term
| Describe: the layout of towns before 1000 (and after ancient times) |
|
Definition
-ancient cities had decayed
-only clusters of people around a king
-only very few exceptions
-no real commercial centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It was founded by refugees fleeing from islands |
|
|
Term
| Corporate Liberties? (before 1000) |
|
Definition
-Liberties won by towns
-no individual liberties
-it was all about protection, because the group was safer |
|
|
Term
| List: key components of a guild |
|
Definition
-work done by experienced persons
-provided vocation and education
-guaranteed quality work
-PREVENTED COMPETITION! |
|
|
Term
| Key characteristic of medieval economy (think guilds...) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What year was the Magna Carta written? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was the Magna Carta formed? |
|
Definition
| -English Lords and Representatives asked King John to confirm their historical liberties |
|
|
Term
| What was the key result from the Magna Carta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name: 3 sections of parliament |
|
Definition
1 - Clergy
2 - Noble Class
3 - Burghers of Chartered Towns |
|
|
Term
| Where was the church during the High Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe: priests before 1000 |
|
Definition
-often illiterate
-had concubines
-needed reform |
|
|
Term
| Describe: the unity of the church before 1000 |
|
Definition
-not unified
-fragmented and localized |
|
|
Term
| What was the Clunian Monastery? What were their goals? |
|
Definition
-serious new monastery in France around 1000
-goals: reform the church |
|
|
Term
| Who said "to go to Conossa"? What does it mean? |
|
Definition
-Pope Gregory VII
-submission to the will of Rome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-One of first elected popes
-dynamic and strong willed
-in touch with Cluniac reformers
-dreamed of reform
-said clergy should free itself from worldly involvement |
|
|
Term
| Describe: Intellectual life during the High Middle Ages |
|
Definition
-cities could support themselves financially...
-so more and more universities
-Latin used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-empire
-very centralized
-strong military
-trade thrived
-rule of law dominated
-growth and prosperity
-overall good things |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the early middle ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast: Early Middle Ages and Ancient Rome |
|
Definition
-Ancient Rome = flourishing society
-Early Middle Ages = opposite ...not so great |
|
|
Term
| Describe: Early Middle Ages |
|
Definition
-Opposite of Ancient Rome
-Little Trade
-Germanic Law Dominated
-A complete mess
-people afraid to travel
-overall it was bad |
|
|
Term
| What was the difference between Feudalism and Manorialism? |
|
Definition
-Feudalism = political system
-Manorialism = Economic System |
|
|
Term
| What was the difference between Feudalism and Manorialism? |
|
Definition
-Feudalism = political system
-Manorialism = Economic System |
|
|
Term
| What did guilds do to the price of goods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serfs were bound to the soil and could NOT be bought and sold. Slaves COULD be bought and sold |
|
|
Term
| Describe: Church before 1000 |
|
Definition
-mess
-decentralized
-corrupt
-marrying priests
-uneducated priests |
|
|
Term
| What did the Cluniac Reforms do? |
|
Definition
-improved the life of monks
-focused on the "essence of priestly life"
-poverty
-chastity
-educated priests |
|
|
Term
| Alfred Crosby thought that the Qualitative to Quantitative process of thinking changed in Europe from ____ to ____ (years) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the old way of thinking in Europe
-very qualitative
-"illogical" and strange
-comfortable for people
-manageable |
|
|
Term
| Examples of changed to a quantitative change in European thinking |
|
Definition
-musical staff
-bartering - double entry bookkeeping
-mathematical symbols
-painting (in grids)
-more realistic than before |
|
|
Term
| Black death result on marriage and family |
|
Definition
-disrupted marriage
-population feel even more than just from plague deaths |
|
|
Term
| Black Death's result on wages |
|
Definition
-Sometimes scarcity of labor led to higher wages
-so the plague was partially good for peasants...
-upper classes tried to control wages
-led to peasant rebellions |
|
|
Term
| What countries were involved in the Hundred Years' War? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joan of Arc was involved in which war? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joan of Arc was involved in which war? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Joan of Arc was involved in which war? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the key things to know about Joan of Arc? |
|
Definition
-led France to military victories in the Hundred Years' War
-...until she was burned at the stake for supposed witchcraft |
|
|
Term
| Basic things about the War of Roses: |
|
Definition
-1450-1485
-England was beset with upper class turmoil |
|
|
Term
| Who issued "unam sanctam"? What does it mean? |
|
Definition
-Pope Boniface VIII
-no one outside of Roman Church could gain salvation |
|
|
Term
| The Great Schism (during the 1300s) |
|
Definition
-2 popes elected instead of just 1
-French and Roman popes
-split of followers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-said the church focused too much on possessions
-said Bible was enough for Salvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -was dissatisfied with the church during the 14th century |
|
|
Term
| The conciliar movement (during the 14the century)+ results + state of church at the time |
|
Definition
-great Schism ended
-Martin V became pope
-unity in the church was restored
-church was corrupted by money
-churchmen lived with mistresses
-popes gradually prevailed over the councils |
|
|
Term
| What year did the Crusades begin in Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c. ____ Europe was on the rebound (renaissance, exploration, reformation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Renaissance, which country had the most bustling cities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened to merchants during the renaissance? |
|
Definition
| They became rich in commerce |
|
|
Term
| During the Renaissance, what was the influence of Rome on the smaller cities? |
|
Definition
-influence of Rome was unimportant
-towns were independent city-states |
|
|
Term
| What did Lorenzo the Magnificent do with his money? |
|
Definition
-used great wealth to govern
-lavish benefactor of the arts and learning |
|
|
Term
| In the middle ages, a quiet pious life was considered ideal. How did this change the renaissance? |
|
Definition
| There was praise for proper enjoyment of wealth |
|
|
Term
| Key ideas about Italian Renaissance Humanists: |
|
Definition
-wrote a lot in Latin
-secular themes in books
-people starting writing as life's main work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"first man of letters"
-traveled through France and Italy
-attracted by love, life, and beauty
-wrote for the sake of beauty |
|
|
Term
| Who was the "first man of letters"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes for in early education (school) during the Renaissance |
|
Definition
-different age groups were separated into different classes
-Greek added to Latin |
|
|
Term
| What were the changes in manners during the Renaissace? |
|
Definition
-manners became more important
-adults could not longer act like "big children" |
|
|
Term
| What was a "courtier" considered to be during the Italian Renaissance? |
|
Definition
-A man of good birth
-smart in many areas |
|
|
Term
| Describe: marriages during the Italian Renaissance |
|
Definition
-Carefully negotiated
-women age 18 at marriage
-men much older (and well established)
-women often outlived husbands |
|
|
Term
| Machiavelli's main ideas in the Prince? |
|
Definition
-described how to be a good leader
-wanted people from Florence to act like ancient Romans
-fight for Patriotic causes
-uphold dignity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peasant rebellions during the Black Plague |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-refers to time when popes lived in France
-France controlled part of churc |
|
|
Term
| What are heretics? What happened to them n the 14th century? |
|
Definition
-people who go against the church
-church doesn't respond to their complaints
-just burned at the stake |
|
|
Term
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges |
|
Definition
-had to do with theGallican Church
-French King had power over who bishops were going to be |
|
|
Term
| Life expectancy during the Late Middle Ages |
|
Definition
-life was short
-life expectancy was 20 years
-(but most ppl dying as infants or around 40) |
|
|
Term
| __% of children died before their first birthday during the Late Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of people who lived to age 40 during the Late Middle Ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Carnival during the Late Middle Ages? |
|
Definition
-role reversal
-servants allowed to dress up like masters
-masters dressed up like servants
-wealthy people would allow this to happen for one day |
|
|
Term
| Where did the Renaissance begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the height of the Renaissance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What year was the sacking of Rome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the Renaissance, the individual become more important than the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-good at many things
-worldly
-affluent
-outgoing
-knew about classics
-good conversationalist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Religion in Northern Renaissance vs. Religion in Italian Renaissance |
|
Definition
- N. Renaissance = religion more important
-I Renaissance = religion less important |
|
|
Term
| Erasmus's view of saints: |
|
Definition
-don't pray to a saint!
-BE like a saint! |
|
|
Term
| Erasmus's view of baptism: |
|
Definition
| Baptism doesn't do anything |
|
|
Term
| Was Erasmus part of the Italian Renaissance or the Northern Renaissance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Machiavelli's view of Savonarola? |
|
Definition
| He was against Savoranola's ideas |
|
|
Term
| Machiavelli's view of religion and morals |
|
Definition
| He didn't really care about either... but he thought that religion could be used as a social force |
|
|
Term
| Machiavelli's War philosophy |
|
Definition
| -Mach. thought that was was a natural way for peoples to live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Virtu = was you have inside, inner
qualities
-Fortune = circumstances which you can't control.
-use virtu to make the best of fortune |
|
|
Term
| What were some key ways the Machiavelli thought a ruler could succeed? |
|
Definition
-assert power SOON
-have a strong army
-eliminate old blood line to power |
|
|
Term
| What was the key wartime technological advancement during the Hundred Years' War? |
|
Definition
| England invented the long bow |
|
|
Term
| What was good about the longbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the longbow do to the importance of knights? |
|
Definition
| Knights became less important, because the longbow could pierce through armor |
|
|
Term
| The power of monarchs c. 1500 |
|
Definition
-increased power
-larger armies |
|
|
Term
| What country was the Valois line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the Tudors live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which year did Luther write his 95 Thesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe: key characteristics of Renaissance popes |
|
Definition
-not that religious
-warrior popes
-worldly |
|
|
Term
| Julius II was known as the _______ ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pope Alexander VI was known for what? |
|
Definition
-had several children
-sexual promiscuity
-wild parties |
|
|
Term
| What were some of Luther's main ideas? |
|
Definition
-Bible is ONLY source of information
-Faith alone needed for salvation
-Every person his own priest
-priest is not necessary to get to heaven |
|
|
Term
| What were the Calvinists called in France? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did the Anabaptists really succeed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was Charles V threatened by the Turks? |
|
Definition
| on the Eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, Turks could potentially expand |
|
|
Term
| What year was the Peace of Ausburg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Calvin believe about Christians and the State? |
|
Definition
| He thought that true Christians could Christianize the state |
|
|
Term
| What did Elizabeth I want to do with religion? |
|
Definition
-She wanted to minimize religion in England
-just cared about strong England, not strong religion |
|
|
Term
| Protestant Reformation: pros and cons for women: |
|
Definition
PROS:
- women who did not want to go to a convent didn't have to
- women more educated in order to teach their children
-motherhood was considered valuable
CONS
-could no longer escape men in convent
-could no longer get education in convent |
|
|
Term
| Define: Transubstantiation |
|
Definition
| The belief that the bread and wine of the Eucharist is the ACTUAL body and blood of Christ |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with the Council of Trent: |
|
Definition
-political problems
-poorly attended
-trying to stop episcopal movement...so papacy just got more power |
|
|
Term
| Dates for the Council of Trent: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Francis I
-French king
-supported pope, because he had already acquired Gallican church
-opposed Charles V
-Charles had wide rude and threatened France with “universal
monarchy) |
|
|
Term
| Catholic Reformation vs. Counter Reformation |
|
Definition
-both the Catholic movement responding to the rise in Protestantism
-Catholics like “Catholic Reformation”
-Protestants like “Counter Reformation”
-Catholics underwent genuine reform |
|
|
Term
| In 1560, the strongest powers of Europe -- Spain, France, Austria -- were all officially _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key Teachings of the Council of Trent: |
|
Definition
-justification by faith AND good works
-seven sacraments
-special priesthood, confession, transubstantiation
-Vulgate translation of Bible
-Latin NOT vernacular
-purgatory
-indulgences
-elimination of pluralism, simony, and nepotism
-an educated clergy |
|
|
Term
| What was the Vulgate Bible? |
|
Definition
| Certain Latin translation of the Bible that the Council of Trent wanted everyone to use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one of reforming popes during counter reformation
-regarded papacy as moral and religious force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which inquisition was the harshest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -list of books that could be read or not |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote "Spiritual Exercises"? What was it about? |
|
Definition
-Ignatius Loyola
-It told of arduous and horrifying mystical training to become a Jesuit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -people who went against the churc |
|
|
Term
| "Under feudalism no one was sovereign" |
|
Definition
| -everyone was getting something out of it...both peasants and lords |
|
|
Term
| reasons why the year 1000 was a turning point |
|
Definition
1.)End of invasions - farming with confidence
2.)new towns
3.)population growth
4.)windmills developed
5.) heavier plow
6.) no slavery
7.) Security (of farm and house) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Village plan = the estate of the Lord (village and surrounding farms) |
|
|
Term
| Why were serfs considered to be bound to the soil? |
|
Definition
| -serfs could not leave the village plan without permission from the lord |
|
|
Term
| What were Flanders known for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the role of women in guilds? |
|
Definition
-They did not play a huge role...only some clothing guilds and things like that
-could not get political privledges (like men) from guilds |
|
|
Term
| Describe: the Church in year 1000 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe: the church ceremonies of the Cluniac monastery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who said "to go to Conossa"...what did it mean? |
|
Definition
-Gregory VII
-it meant that whatever Rome wanted to be done would be done |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote Summa Theologica? What was it about? |
|
Definition
-Thomas Aquinas
-It was a compilation of theological teaching of the time
-Reasoning behind Christian theology |
|
|
Term
| What was the most famous work of Thomas Aquinas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Arab agression towards the Roman Empire
-churches conquered and destroyed by Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-European goals never accomplished
-trade routes established during many years of crusading/new markets opened
-Christian monarchies became stronger |
|
|
Term
| _______ __________ was the first of the world's major civilizations to become "secularized" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Threats to Christendom (before 14th century) |
|
Definition
-Mongols in Russia
-Ottomans conquer Byzantium
-Both disastrous for prosperous, expanding Europe
-Authority of papacy was questioned
-Protestant church emerged
-religious unity disappeared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Led Wat Tyler's Rebellion
-large scale peasant rebellion |
|
|
Term
| Where was the Hundred Years' War mostly fought? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another pope elected from Avignon, France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-church profits given to the treasury
-income that a bishop got in his first year that had to be given to the popes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beating oneself for the sake of religoin |
|
|
Term
| What were the followers of John Wyclif called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-religion and nationalism intertwined
-led the Hussites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-followers of John Huss
-religious party protesting supremacy of Germans who lived in Bohemia |
|
|
Term
| What were the 3 goals of the Council of Constance? Where they achieved? |
|
Definition
1.)End Schism in Church
-3 popes persuaded to withdraw
-new pope elected - Martin V
-so it worked
2.)Stop Heresy
...not exactly
3.) Reform Church
...not really |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was burned at the stake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christian education for moral and intellectual improvement. |
|
|
Term
| The Court of Star Chamber in England was |
|
Definition
| the law court that the Stuarts used to impose their tax laws on the nobles |
|
|
Term
| The conqueror of the Incas was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| National monarchies in Europe (c. 1500) were strongest in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charles V failed to stamp out Protestantism within the empire because ____ |
|
Definition
he was distracted by foreign wars
and the Reformation was too entrenched to be ended by brute force |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Aquinas was most influenced by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the High Middle Ages, the church ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges |
|
Definition
-French (Gallican) church said that councils had more power than single pope
-Papacy thus lost influence in France
...-but still had power in Europe |
|
|
Term
| What does Quattrocento mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Savonarola known for? |
|
Definition
| The burning of the vanities |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote "Divine Comedy"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who wrote the "Decameron"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the Decameron about? |
|
Definition
| It had little stories about the Black Death |
|
|
Term
| What led to the end of the Renaissance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What year was the Sack of Rome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monarchy offered a guarantee of ____ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Henry VII do to the War of Roses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which king had the Star Chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Louis XI was part of the ________ line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christians of Moorish background |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christians of Jewish Background |
|
|
Term
| What marriage ended Spanish tolerance? |
|
Definition
| Castile (Isabella) and Ferdinand (Aragon) |
|
|
Term
| 3 kinds of states in the Holy Roman Empire? |
|
Definition
-princely states
-ecclesiastical states
-imperial free states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most powerful ruler of his day
-Head of HRE |
|
|
Term
| The most successful international form of the Protestant movement was _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Protestantism laboring poor was attracted to and why |
|
Definition
-biewed bishops and abbots as oppressive ruling class
-Anabaptists
-Baptists
-Mennonites
-Moravian Brothers |
|
|
Term
| Types of Protestantism Educated Urban class was attracted to and why |
|
Definition
-wanted to run religion like a business
-opposed feudal or monarchical system
-Calvinism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sold indulgences
-Luther was against this
-promted the 95 Thesis |
|
|
Term
| Who did Luther go to first to try to stop the selling of indulgences? What did he say? |
|
Definition
| He went to Pope Leo X, but he said no. |
|
|
Term
| What type of protestantism were the kings and princes attracted to and why |
|
Definition
-wanted to continue to have power
-Gallican church
-Anglicans
-Lutherans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
luther was summoned to appear at diet of Empire
-There, Luther said he could only be convinced by holy scripture
-The empire exiled him |
|
|
Term
| John of Leyden and Munster |
|
Definition
-claimed authority came to him directly from God
-ruled that Munster be a "revolutionary terror"
-Luther advised followers to do anything to stop even...even join together with Catholics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lutheran princes
-supported by France
-eventually went to war with the HRE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whose region, his religion...meant that the religion of the ruler would be religion of the people |
|
|
Term
| Ecclesiastical Reservation |
|
Definition
| said that any Catholic bishop/clergyman who turned Lutheran in the future would not carry is territory with him |
|
|
Term
| Henry the VIII and religion |
|
Definition
-changed to Anglican church
-...but kept old doctrine
-kept old ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed by a committee of bishops which defined the creed of the Anglican Church |
|
|
Term
| Main Impacts of the Protestant Reformation: |
|
Definition
-Unity of Christendom has been broken
-many protestant reforms
-counter reformation
-encouraged married life and families |
|
|
Term
| England was the only country that _______________ before adopting Protestant principles |
|
Definition
| breaking with the Roman church |
|
|
Term
| Henry VIII the thought what about Luther? What did he write about it? |
|
Definition
-Henry wanted to keep old Catholic ways
-wrote "Defense of the Seven Sacraments" in refutation |
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Term
| How many sons did Henry VIII have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Henry VIII want to get divorced? |
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Definition
| He wanted to have a son...to extend a strong monarchy |
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Term
| Who did Henry VIII want to get divorced from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Henry VIII not go to the Pope Clement VII to get divorced? |
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Definition
| He was embarrassed because Catherine was the aunt of Emperor Charles V (...who Clement was in no position to defend) |
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Term
| Who did Henry VIII marry after the annulment of his marriage? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many total wives did Henry VIII have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Henry VIII acted through _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Henry VIII's religion journey |
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Definition
-went through parliament for change
-wanted to be head of the English Catholic Church
-got rid of all monastries
-wanted to keep old doctrine of Catholics
-strengthened his landed aristocracy by giving them previously Catholic land
-required everyone to believe in transubstantiation, celibate clergy, confession, etc.
-it became impossible to maintain this positon for long
-eventually succeeded by his 10 year old son Phillip
-Church of England eventually took form under Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) |
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