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Definition
| English victory near Arras in Flanders (1415) that led to English reconquest of Normandy |
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| The 70 years (1307-1377) when the Popes resided in Avignon, rather than Rome. Also refers to the captivity of the Hebrew people. |
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| Public marriage announcement |
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| Bubonic plague that first struck Europe in 1347. Spread by fleas or by breath. |
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Definition
| A large black blister that appeared on the neck, armpit, or groin of a plague victim. |
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| People who believed that the authority in the Roman church rested in a general council made of clergy, theologians, and laypeople - over the Pope alone. |
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| The 1346 battle in Northern France where the longbow gave the English a victory. |
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| A late medieval Bohemian history showing strong Czech hostility to Germans. |
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| People who inflicted punishment upon themselves as penance, believing that the plague was God's wrath. |
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| 1315-1322, based in Europe |
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| Uprising by French peasants in 1358, protesting taxation. |
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| French peasant girl who led them to victory in the Hundred Year's War |
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| Fine paid to a lord allowing a woman to marry a man from outside the manor of her birth. |
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Definition
| The sense of national unity. |
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Term
| Representative Assemblies |
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Definition
| These flourished in many European countries between 1250 and 1450 as the precursons to the English parliament, German diets, and Spanish cortes. |
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Definition
| A division in church leadership (1377-1418) when there were two, then three, popes. |
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| Laws issued by Edward III of England (1366) forbidding marriage between English and Irish, requiring the use of the English language, and denying the Irish access to ecceslasticial offices. |
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Definition
| Associations of men in Italian cities such as Milan, Florence, Genoa, and Pisa who sought political and economic independence from local nobles; members of communes wanted self-government. |
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| A division of the English royal council, a court that used Roman legal procedures to curb real or potential threats from the nobility, the court so called because there were stars painted on the ceiling of the chamber in which the court sat. |
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| Popular groups in Spanish towns given royal authority to serve as local police forces and as judicial tribunals with the goal of reducing aristocratic violence. |
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| The critical study of Latin and Greek literature, with the goal of realizing human potential. |
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| Another basic feature of the Italian renaissance stressing personality, uniqueness, genius, and self-conciousness |
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Definition
| English local officials in the shires apointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government |
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| Jews who accepted Christianity. |
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Definition
| Governments by the merchant aristocracy in Italian cities, such as Venice and Florence. |
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Definition
| Disenfranchised people in Italian communes who resented their exclusion from power. |
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Term
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) |
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Definition
| Statement of French Kind Charles VII asserting royal control over church appointments and the superiority of a general council over the papacy. |
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Definition
| Treatise by Machiavelli on ways to gain, keep, and expand power. Probably most influential work of the Renaissance. |
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Definition
| The place or space where despots or oligarchs lived, conducted business, and displayed their wealth and patronage of the arts. |
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Definition
| Rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. |
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Definition
| Non-monarchical government in which political power theoretically resides in the people, and is exercised by its chosen representatives. |
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Definition
| The body of men who happened to by with the king at a given time and usually including his chief officials. |
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Definition
| Attitude that tends to find the ultimate explanation of everything and the final end of human beings in what reason and the senses can discover, rather than in any spiritual or transcendental belief. |
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Definition
| Government by despot, one man rule in Italian cities such as Milan. |
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Definition
| Protestants who believed in adult baptism (exclusively - children could not make the decision) and separation of church and state. Prosecuted by Luther, Calvin, and Catholics alike. |
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Term
| Book of Common Prayer (1559) |
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Definition
| Official (parliament-approved) prayer book for the chruch of England. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lutheran doctrine of the Eucharist: after consecration, the bread and wine undergo a spiritual change, become the Real Presence, but are not transformed. |
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Definition
| Imperial meetings where Luther defended his doctrines before Charles V. |
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Definition
| Church assembly theoretically representing all catholic countries and peoples. Not achieved at Lateran Council or Council of Trent. |
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Definition
| Term applied to English parliamentary laws passed early in Elizabeth's reign that required conformity to the Church of England and uniformity of church worship. |
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Term
| German peasant revolts (1525) |
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Definition
| Widespread uprising of German country people protesting economic and social injustices. Justified revolt through Luther's doctrine. |
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Definition
| Official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy and to promote sounds doctrine on faith and morals. |
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Definition
| Statement issued by the papacy granting remission from sin, in exchange for a monetary donation. |
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Term
| The Institutes of the Christian Religion (definitive edition 1559) |
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Definition
| Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism. |
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Definition
| Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by the papacy in 1540. |
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Definition
| Eucharistic doctrine from Zwingli, stating that it is a memorial of the Last Supper, with no elemental changes. |
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Definition
| Clerical practice of holding more than one office at the same time. |
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Definition
| Offices, endowed by laypeople in many German towns, that required holders to give informed, well-prepared sermons; they helped pave the way for Protestant worship in which the sermon is the main part of the service. |
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Definition
| Calvin's teachering that the Gods have chosen a select few for salvation, and others to damnation. |
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Definition
| Non-Catholic Christian sects |
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| Spiritual classic authored by Thomas a Kempis urging Christ as the model of Christian life and simplicity in living. Widely read. |
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Definition
| Catholic doctrine of Eucharist: that when the bread and wine are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ. |
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Definition
| Instrument developed by Muslim navigators in the twelfth century that allowed mariners to plot their latitude by determining the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies. |
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Definition
| Term applied to late 17th - early 18th century style of art. Originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation; characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, and a proselytizing spirit. |
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Definition
| Document issued by Henry IV of France granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists in 150 towns; helped restore peace in France. |
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Definition
| Spanish imperial palace built 1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence. |
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Term
| General History of the Indies (1547) |
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Definition
| A book by Spanish chronicler Fernando de Oviedo, providing an informed and reliable account of plants, animals, and peoples; widely read in Europe. |
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Definition
| Title given to the 16th century of Spain because of its enormous power and influence in Europe, a power that rested on Mexican and S. America gold and silver. |
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Definition
| Originally a pejorative term for French Calvinists, later the official title for members of the "Reformed religion", Calvinists |
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Definition
| Chinese invention that allowed sailors to determine their position and direction at sea. |
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Definition
| General name of a series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years War; recognizd the soverign authority of 300+ German princes (and thereby the end of the Holy Roman Empire as a viable state). |
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Definition
| Moderates of both religious faiths that held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. |
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Definition
| Alliance of German Lutheran princes alarmed at religious and territorial spead of Calvinism and Catholicism. Catholic princes responded with the Catholic League. The two armed camps erupted in the Thirty Years War. |
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Definition
| One-Fifth - the amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all precious metals mined in the Americas. |
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Definition
| Fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England, in his mind a religious crusade against Protestantism. |
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Term
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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Definition
| Begun 24 August 1572 and extending over several weeks, the most violent series of confrontations between French Catholics and Protestants, each side trying to secure control over the weak French government. |
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Term
| Treaty of Cateau-Chambresis (1559) |
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Definition
| Agreement that ended six decades of war (fought mainly in Italy) between French (Valois) kings and the Spanish (Habsburg) rulers. France was denied power in Italy. |
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Definition
| Alliance of 7 Northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. |
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Definition
| The 4 units that Spanish possessions in the Americas were divided into. |
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Definition
| System of ruling where monarchs reduced the political power of the landlord nobility as they gained and monopolized their own political power. |
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Definition
| A form of government led by a ruler with absolute power. |
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Definition
| The Representative body of the different estates, or legal orders in Bohemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nobility in the feudal division of the eastern Slavic territories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Free groups and outlaw armies that were formed to fight Ivan in an attempt to escape his rule. |
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Definition
| Religion that rejects the authority of the pope, which is the main difference in religious and moral beliefs dividing it from Roman Catholicism |
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Definition
| The leader of the Bradenburg who had the rightt to choose the Holy Roman emperor with six other electors bestowed prestige but had not military power. |
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Definition
| Serfs who were bound to their lords from generation to generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nobility and landowning classes of the Estates of Bradenburg and Prussia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the Mongolian rule over eastern Salvs for more than two hundred years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713, it stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always to be passed intact to a single heir, who might be female. |
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Term
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Definition
| System used by nobles and rulers where peasants were bound first to the land they worked and then, by degrading obligations to the lords they served. |
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Definition
| A newly emerging class who held the tsars land on the explicit condition that they serve in the tsar's army. |
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Definition
| Leader of Ottoman Empire who owned all the agricultural land of the empire and exploited it as he saw fit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes view of the world as consisting of two fundamental entities matter and mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe; this had enormous scientific and relgiious implications. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of inductive reasoning where you should go beyond speculation and begin to compare and analyze the subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| The adapttion, albeit varied of enlightened governing into the rule of absolute monarchs often at the insistence of philosophes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A world-view that has played a large role in shaping the modern mind. Included the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Galileo's greatest achievement; rather than speculate about what might or should happen in an experiment, he conducted controlled experiments to find out what actually did happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people who have displeased the monarch as the holder of sovereign power, it is not necessarily the will of the majority. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law formulated by Galileo that stated that rest was not the natural state of object. Rather, an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. |
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Term
| Law of Universal Gravitation |
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Definition
| Every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intelluctals in France who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their ignorant fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that with the proper method of discovering the laws of human existence, it was possible for humans to create better societies and better people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nothing was to be accepted on faith, everything was to be submitted to the rational, critical, scientific way of thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elegant private drawing rooms where talented and rich Parisian women held regular social gatherings to discuss literature, science and philosophy |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that despotism could be avoided when political power was divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges. |
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Definition
| Belief that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt and that humanity's best hope was open-minded toleration. |
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Definition
| Locke's belief that all ideas are derived from experience, and that the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet on which the environment writes the individuals understanding and beliefs. |
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Definition
| All the French (and European) economic and social elites who were seen as the educated or enlightened public. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The period from the mid-seventeenth century on in Europe during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow was gradually eliminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forced migration ofmillions of Africans to work in servitude during the eighteenth century. By the peak decade of the 1780s, shipments of black men and women averaged about 80,000 per year. |
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Term
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Definition
| The open meadows maintained by villages for public use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Domestic industry, a stage of rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that necessarily precesed the emergence of large-scale factory industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| People of Spanish Blood born in America |
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Term
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Definition
| The system by which farmers would rotate the types of crops grown in each field as to not deplete the soil ofits natural resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system which allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers/slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing foot, shelter, and a little money; It is a form of serfdom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on the writings of Adam Smith, it is the belief in free trade ad competition. Smith argued that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea to enclose individual share of the pastures as a way of farming more effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| The foods eaten by a desperate population chestnuts, bark, dandelions and grass in attempts to escape starvation. |
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Term
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Definition
| System of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The offspring of Spanish men and Indian women |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth, requries that goods improrted from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc. |
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Definition
| The result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth, required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British--owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transformation of large number of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to describe the 18th century rural industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bullbaiting and cockfigthing, sports that remained popular with the masses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bullbaiting and Cockfighting, sports that remained popular with the masses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A time of revelling and excess in Catholic and Mediterranean Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of cooperation and common action which was mobilized by perceived threats to the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family that is a big, three-or-four generation clan, headed by a patriarch or perhaps a matriarch, and encompassing everyone from the youngest infant to the oldest grandparent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of a break down in late marriages and few births out of wedlock that began occurring in the second half of the 18th century. |
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Term
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Definition
| The willfull destruction of newborn children |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that prices should be fair, protecting botht he consumers and the producers and imposed by government decree if neccessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to nurses with whom no child ever survived |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to a Protestant religious group started by John Wesley, so named because of their methodical devotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for the Protestant revival that began in Germany; it stressed enthusiasm, the preiesthood of all believers, and the practical power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of giving strong laxitiives to the rich as a method of maintaining good health and treating illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of vaccinating people so that they do not come down with the smallpox. |
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Term
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Definition
| A widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century where women would suckle the children of middle to upper class women's children for money. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that in government the executive, legislative and judicial branches would systematically balance each other and that the government wuld be checked by the power of the individual states |
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Term
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Definition
| Exemplified by the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights, liberty meant individual freedoms, and political safeguards, equality meant equality before the law. |
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Term
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Definition
| A monarchy where the king remains head of state but all lawmaking power goes to the hands of another governing body such as the national assembly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Orders, the way in which France's inhabitants were legally divded the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group contesting control of the National Convention in France named after a department in Southwestern France. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fear of vagabonds and outlaws that seized the countryside and fanned the flames of rebellion. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Revolutionary France, a political club whose members were a radical Republican group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two ideas that fueled the revolutionary period in both America and Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Priviledges of lordship that allowed them to tax the peasantry for their own profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plan created by Robespierre and his coworkers that involved the government in the economy - the government would set maximum allowable prices for key products rather than letting supply and demand determine prices. |
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Term
| Reign of Terror (1793-1794) |
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Definition
| Robespierre used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front, in special courts rebels and enemies of the nation were tried for political crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the name for the laboring poor and the petty traders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phase when the fall of the French monarchy marked a rapid radicalization of the revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people alone had the authority to make laws limiting an individual's freedom of action, in practice this system of government meant choosing legislators the people and were accountable to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group contesting control of the National Convention in France led by Robespierre and George Jaques Danton |
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Term
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Definition
| A reaction to the Reign of Terror where middle class professionals reasserted their authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conflicted classes existed, in part, because many individuals came to believe they existed and developed an appropriate sense of class feeling. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed in 1799, these acts outlawed unions and strikes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location of the Great Exposition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were now cheap and abundant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that countries should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high productive tariffs on imported goods as well as eliminating tariffs within the country. |
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Term
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Definition
| This act limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours. |
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Term
| Grand National Consolidated Trades Union |
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Definition
| Organized by Owen in 1834, this was one of the largest and most visionary early national unions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in Northern England in 1812 and after smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work. |
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Term
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Definition
| This act prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under ten. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to George Stephensons effective locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 MPH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spinning machine by James Hargreaves in 1765 that used six to twenty-four spindles mounted on a sliding carriage to spin a fine thread. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that both burned coal to produce steam which was then used to operate a pump, although inefficient they were still used successfully in English and Scottish mines. |
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Term
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Definition
| A government's way of supporting and aiding their own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper, imported goods of another country. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spinning machine by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power thereby required a larger and more specialized mill but the threa it spun was thicker, generally the thread it spun was thciker, generally the thread was then spun on a Spinning Jenny. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protest that took place at Saint Peters Fields in Manchester that was broken up by armed cavalry in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Issued in 1819, these decrees required the 38 German member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France. |
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Term
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Definition
| the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws revised in 1815 that prohibited the important of foriegn fraid, unless the price at home rose to improbable levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term that historian Eric Hobsdawn used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse, reinforcing each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the representation of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise, and no government interference in the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle ideas are equality and liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. |
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Term
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Definition
| The court, the aristocracy, lawyers and church men. |
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Term
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Definition
| The modern working class. |
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Term
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Definition
| A movement that was revolting against classicism and the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life. |
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Term
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Definition
| A backlash against the emergence of individualism and fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic unity, and state regulation of property. |
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Term
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Definition
| Storm and Stress, German early Romantics of the 1770s and 1780s who lived lives of tremendours emotional intensity - suicides, duels, madress, and strange illnesses were common. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protest that took place at Saint Peters Fields in Manchester that was broken up by armed cavalry in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Issued in 1819, these decrees required the 38 German member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain to fashion a peace settlement having defeated France. |
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Term
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Definition
| the leading scientists, engineers and industrialists. |
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| Laws revised in 1815 that prohibited the important of foriegn fraid, unless the price at home rose to improbable levels. |
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| A term that historian Eric Hobsdawn used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse, reinforcing each other. |
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| The result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple. |
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| An alliance formed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the representation of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe. |
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| Economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise, and no government interference in the economy. |
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| The principle ideas are equality and liberty, demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. |
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| The court, the aristocracy, lawyers and church men. |
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| The modern working class. |
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| A movement that was revolting against classicism and the Enlightenment, it was characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life. |
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| A backlash against the emergence of individualism and fragmentation of society it was a move towards cooperation and a sense of community, the key ideas were panning, greater economic unity, and state regulation of property. |
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| Storm and Stress, German early Romantics of the 1770s and 1780s who lived lives of tremendours emotional intensity - suicides, duels, madress, and strange illnesses were common. |
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| Developed by Joseph Lister, it was the idea that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would destroy aerial bacteria. |
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| Follower of the radical philosopher Jeremy Benthamite wo taught that public problems should be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the greatest good for the greatest number. |
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| Freuds postulation that much of human behavior is motivated by unconcious emotional needs whose nature and origins are kept from concious awareness by various mental devices |
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| The idea, applied to thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment. |
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| The idea, contrary to miasmatic theory, that disease was spread through filth and not caused by it. |
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| Period between 1750 and 1850 marked by a high number of illegitimate briths by the 1840s, as many as one birth in three was out of wedlock. |
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| Highly skilled workers who made up about 15% of the working classes at the turn of the 20th century. |
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| The belief that people contract disease when they breath the bad odors of decay. |
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| The study of the compounds of carbon. |
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| Process developed by Louis Pasteur that suppressed the activity of living organisms in a beverage by heating it. |
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| Auguste Compte's discipline of sociology, which postulated that each branch of our knowledge passes successively through three different theoretical conditions; the Theoretical, the Metaphysical, and the Scientific. |
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| Literary Movement which stressed that literature should depict life exactly how it was. |
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| A rigid gender division of labor with the wife as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner. |
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| Group of Thinkers popular with the upper middle class who saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by the unending economic struggle which would determine the survival of the fittest. |
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| A branch of physics built on Newtons laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy. |
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| Massacre of peaceful protesters at Winters Square in St. Petersberg in 1905 that turned ordinary workers against the tsar and produced a wave of general indignation. |
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| A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; because of this, the French government cut all ties to the church. |
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| Russian parliament opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but with absolute zera veto power from the tsar. |
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| Result of the American Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy. |
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| Struggle for civilization, Bismark's attack on the Catholic church resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility in 1870. |
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| The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time. |
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| The result of a great general strike in October 1905, it granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma with real legislative power. |
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| Proposed after the liberal party came to power in England in 1906 and vetoed by the lords, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare issues. |
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| Guerilla army of Guiseppe Girabaldi who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it and won the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry. |
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| The popularity elected lower house of government of the new German empire after 1871. |
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| An effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time. |
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| Result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empire's minorities. |
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| A new institution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. |
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| Movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl. |
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| German customs union founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase revenues of member states. |
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| descendants of the Dutch in the Cape Colony |
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| Held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa |
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| A great movement that was the central experience in the saga of Western expansion, one reason why the West's impact on the world in the 19th century was so powerful and many-sided. |
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| Laws designed by Americans and Australians to keep Asians out. |
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| Launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet foreign challenge. |
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| The drive to create vast political empires abroad, recalling the old European colonial empires of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and contrasting witht he economic penetration of non-Western territories between 1816 and 1880. |
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| Grown legally in British-occupied India and smuggled into China by means of fast ships and bribed officials, opium became a destructive and ensnaring vice of the Chinese. |
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| Japaneese warrior nobility who were often poor, restless, and intensely proud. |
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| The hereditary governor in feudal Japan. |
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| Italian migrants who had no intention of settling abroad permanently, going to Argentina to harvest between December and April and returning to Italy for the spring planting. A frugal worker could save $250-300 in the course of a season. |
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| A term widely used by international organizations and by scholars to group Africa, Asia, and Latin America into a single unit. |
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| The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive, nonwhite peoples and that nonwhites would eventually recieve the benefits of modern economics, cities, advanced medicine, and higher standards of living. |
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| A radical order of the Petrograd Soviet that stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soliders. |
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| A 1917 British mandate that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish People in Palestine. |
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| Majority group, Lenin's camp of the Russian party of Marxian socialism |
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| The re-established tsarist secret police, which hunted down executed thousands of real or suspected foes, sowing fear and silencing opposition. |
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| A freely elected assembly promised by the Bolsheviks, but permanently disbanded after one day under Lenin's orders after the Bolsheviks won less than one fourth of the elected delegates. |
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| A permanent international organization established during the peace conference in Paris in January 1919, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars. |
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| the British passenger liner sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives |
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| A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two thousand to three thousand workers, soldier, and socialist intellectuals, modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905. |
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| A conservative alliance which linked the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia against radical movements. |
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| In each country during the First World War, a government of national unity which began to plan and control economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort. |
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| Treaty by which Germany's army was limited to 100,000 men and Germany was declared responsible for the war and had therefore to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the war. |
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| Fighting behind rows of trenches, mines and barbed wire. Cost of lives was staggering, territorial gain minimal. |
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| Alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia in the First World War. |
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| The application of the total war concept to a civil conflict. |
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| Masterminded by Walter Rathenau, set up by the German government to ration and distribute raw materials. |
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| A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading architexts, designers, and theatrical innovators. |
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| Artistic movement of the 1930s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior. |
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| The product of the reparations commission headed by Charles G. Dawes that was accepted by Germany, France, and Britain, and reduced Germany's yearly reparations, made payment dependant on German economic prosperity, and granted Germany large loans from the US to promote recovery. |
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| A highly diverse and even contradictory system of thought that was loosely united in a courageous search for moral values in a world of terror and uncertainty. |
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| The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they are made. |
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| A world-wide economic depression from 1929-1933, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery. |
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| Freudian terms to describe human behavior, which Freud saw as basically irrational. |
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| A revolt against esablished certainties in philosophy that rejected most of teh concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense and hot air. |
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| Book written by Adolph Hitler, in which he outlines his theories and program for a national socialist revolution. |
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| The most important of the subatomic particles because its capacity to pass through other atoms allowed for intense experimental bombardment of matter, leading to chain reactions of unbelievable force. |
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| Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan to reform capitalism through forceful government intervention in the economy. |
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| A New Deal-inspired party in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and a fourty-hour workweek. |
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| A flexible and nonrevolutionary socialist government in Scandinavia that grew out of a strong tradition of cooperative community action. |
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| stream-of-consciousness-technique |
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Definition
| Literary technique, used by James Joyce and others, using interior monologue to explore the human psyche. |
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| Works Progress Administration, set up in 1935. The most famous of Roosevelt's New Deal programs, it employed one-fifth of the entire labor force at some point in the 1930s. |
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| British policy that granted Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war. |
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| A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy. |
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| Lightening war using planes, tanks, and trucks - the first example of which Hitler used to crush Poland in four weeks. |
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| The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises. |
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| Act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis which gave Hitler absolute dictorial power for four years. |
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| American policy that promised huge military aid and helped solidify the anti-Hitler coalition. |
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| A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, an antisocialism aimed at destroying working-class movements, alliances with powerful capitalists and landowners, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military. |
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Definition
| Launched by Stalin and termed revolution from above, the ultimate goal of the plans was to generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. |
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| Leader-dictator with unlimited, arbitrary power, this name was bestowed upon Adolf Hitler. |
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| Better-off peasants who were stirpped under Stalin of land and livestock. They were generally not permitted to join the collective farms and many of them starved or were depleted to force-labor camps for re-education. |
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| A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as a tiny independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support. In turn, the pope expressed his satisfaction and urged Italians to support Mussolini's government. |
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| A movement born of extreme nationalism and racism and dominated by Adolf Hitler for as long as it lasted. |
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Term
| New Economic Policy (NEP) |
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Definition
| Lenin's policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration. |
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Definition
| Hitler program based on the guiding principle of racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples. The French, an inferior Latin people, occupied a middle position. Slavs in the conquered territories to the east were treated with harsh hatred as subhumans. |
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| A dictatorship that exercises unprecedented control over the masses and seeks to mobilize them for action. |
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| The combining of theoretical work with sophisticated engineering in a large organization in order to attack extremely difficult problems. |
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| Russia, the united States, and England |
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| Doctrine created after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, according to which the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. |
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| The period after World War II during which the world was politically dived between western/democratic and easten/communist nations. |
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| The European Economic Community, created by the six nations of the Coal and Steel Community in 1957. |
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| The reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of Asian and African peoples for national self-determination, racial equality, and personal dignity. |
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| The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union, led by reformed Nikita Khrushchev |
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Definition
| The progressive piecemeal relaxation of cold war tensions. |
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| Secretary of State George C Marshall's plan of economic aid to Europe to help it rebuilt, which Stalin refused for all of Eastern Europe. |
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| The combined rated of inflation and unemployment. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments. |
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Definition
| A system designed to perpetuate Western economic domination and undermine the promise of political independence, thereby extending to Africa (and as much of Asia) the economic subordination that the United States had established in Latin america in the nineteenth century. |
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Definition
| The Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting countries. |
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| Scandal in which Nixon's assistants broke into the Democratic Party headquarters in July 1972. |
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| A political part that was set up in east germany calling for the Unification of Easy adn West Germany, which they felt would lead to an economic bonanza in easy Gernmany. In March 1990 they won almost 50% of the votes in Wast German parliamentary election thereby beating out the Socialist party. |
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| At the opening to the 21st century, Europe was experiencing falling birthrates that seemed to promise a shrinking and aging population in the future. |
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| The new name as of 1993 for the European Community. |
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| A working class revolt in the Lenin shipyards of Gdank that resulted in the workers gaining their revolutionary demands including the right to form free trade unions, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, and economic reforms. |
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Definition
| Openness, part of Gorbachev's campaign to tell it like it is marked a break from the past were long banned writers sold millions of copies of their works, and denunciations of Stalin and his terror were standard public discourse. |
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Definition
| The emergence of a freer global econom; it also refers to the exchange of cultural, political, and religious ideas throughout the world. |
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Definition
| Party leaders that identified themselves with Russian patriotism, stressing their role in saving the country during WWii by protecting it from foreigners; they were leaders within the Communist party in non-Russian republics. |
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Term
| Kosovo Liberation army (KLA) |
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Definition
| formed in 1998 by frustrated Kosovar militants who sought to fight for their independence. |
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| A treaty created in 1992 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, which it single currency and set 1999 as the stand date for its establishment. |
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| President Bush's vision after the US defeat of Iraqi armies in the Gulf war that would feature the US and a cooperative United Nations working together to impose peace and stability throughout the world. |
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Definition
| A general peace treaty that brought an end to Wrold War II and the cold war that followed it called for a scaling down of all armed forced and the acceptance of all existing borders as legal and valid. |
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Definition
| Economic restructuring reform implemented by Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the setting up of profit-seeking private cooperative to provide personal services for consumers. |
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Definition
| Referring to the installation of a dictatorship in Russia that was collective rather than personal and where coercion replaced terror and that lasted until Gorbachev in 1985. |
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Definition
| The Solidarity-led governments radical take on economic affairs that were designed to make a clean break with state planning and move to market mechanisms and private property. |
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Definition
| Led by Lech Wales, this group of workers organize their free and semocratic trade union and wyickly became the union of a nation with a full-time staff of 40,000 and 9.5 million union members by March 1981. |
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Definition
| A plan for East German government supported by East German reform communists who wanted to preserve socialism by making it democratic and responsive to the needs of the people. They advocated going beyond failed Stalinist and capitalism, and called for closer ties, yet not unionification with West Germany. |
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Definition
| The moment when communism died in 1989 with an ousting of Communist bossed in only ten days. it grew out of popular demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and a dissident playwright. |
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