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| (1473-1543) Renaissance astronomer and the first person to come up with the heliocentric view of the Earth. This displaced the Earth from the center of the universe and put the sun in the center.Wrote "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres", published just before his death in 1543. He published it right before his death out of fear of the church. |
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(1596-1650)"Father of Modern Philosophy"
He is best known for the philosophical statement "Cogito ergo sum" which means "I think, therefore I am" Wrote the "Discourse on the Method" Founder of analytical Geometry which bridges geometry and algebra. Founded the Cartesian coordinate system which allowed algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes. Most importantly he developed "Cartesian dualism" which basically means that the body works like a machine and the mind is totally separate from the body. |
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| Led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II. |
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| a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and Tsar's bureaucracy in South Russia in 1670. During the reign of Alexis of Russia. |
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| a Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and Tsar's bureaucracy in South Russia in 1670. During the reign of Alexis of Russia. |
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| a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty, Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598, and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. |
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| 1174-1775 Was the principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection of Yaik Cossacks headed by Yemelyan Pugachev, a disaffected ex-lieutenant of the Russian Imperial army, against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire. Russian serfs were mad. |
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| Refers primarily to the aristocratic, social and political system established in France from (roughly) the 15th century to the 18th century under the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The French Revolution ended the system. |
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| The Industrial Revolution |
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| A period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom. |
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| (1708-1778)War time prime minister of England. Led the british in the Seven years war. Known for his single-minded devotion to victory over France. |
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| Intellectuals during the enlightenment. These men came out of the Scientific Revolution and applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. Often gathered in places known as "Salons" |
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A group of 18th-century writers in France who compiled and wrote the Encyclopédie, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (Diderot is more important) Many were part of the intellectual group known as the philosophes. They promoted the advancement of science and secular thought and supported tolerance, rationality, and open-mindedness of the Enlightenment
Some notables are: Voltaire and Rousseau |
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(1712-1778) Famous "philosophe," wrote the social contract. Greatly influenced the French Revolution. Voltaire constantly messed with him which made him kinda weird. (black sheep of the philosophes)
"claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality, which human beings left for the benefits and necessity of cooperation. As society developed, division of labor and private property required the human race to adopt institutions of law. In the degenerate phase of society, man is prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men while also becoming increasingly dependent on them" |
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| (1694-1778) a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of expression, free trade and separation of church and state. His works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions. |
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