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| alchemy and hermetic magic |
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| people believed that the world was a living embodiment of divinity. Humans also had this spark of divinity within. |
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| Ptolemaic universe and Aristotle |
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| universe is seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center. Circular motion. Earth was made of imperfect substances, but the surrounding bodies were made of perfect substances. |
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| everything described above… (look in Ptolemaic universe and aristotle) |
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| professional astronomers wanted to trace the path of the bodies of light (planets) more closely. Findings contradicted the geocentric model. |
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| argued that universe consisted of eight spheres with the sun motionless at the center and the fixed stars at rest in the eighth sphere. Circular orbits, Earth rotated daily. Catholic church did not say anything until Galileo showed up. |
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| Danish nobleman who provided lots of work later used by his former assistant, Kepler. For 20 years, he observed the movement of the stars and planets. |
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| Three laws of planetary motion. Elliptical orbits, sun at center. Speed of a planet is greater when closer to sun and decreases as its distance increases.(speed is not steady) Finally, that planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits. |
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| - created the telescope, and made discoveries about the surface of the planets. “The Starry Messenger” stated that the planets were made of material similar to that of earth (not perfect) |
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| the Inquisition and house arrest |
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| Roman Inquisition condemned Copernicanism and ordered Galileo to reject his theories. Galileo was allowed to discuss it but not as a fact and more as a mathematical supposition. Galileo published another work, and was forced to recant his ‘errors’ and then placed under house arrest. |
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| - invented the calculus, wrote Principia, made president of Royal Society and knighted. |
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| universal law of gravitation |
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| In Principia, Newton spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation – culminating the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Three laws of motion. World-machine. Applied reason to society. |
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| medicine also experienced a transformation during the scientific revolution. |
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| a second century Greek physician who relied on animal dissection to create a picture of human anatomy that was pretty inaccurate. |
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| Galen's belief in four balancing parts of the body. 1. blood was warm and moist. 2. Yellow bile was warm and dry. 3. Phlegm was cold and most and 4. black bile was cold and dry. Disease resulted from an imbalance of these humors. “contraries cure.” |
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| rejected Aristotle and Galen. Believed that chemical reactions of the universe as a whole were reproduced in humans on a smaller scale. Disease was caused by chemical imbalances in specific organs. “like cures like.” |
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| Created a new anatomy, blood originated from heart, but still believed there were two types of blood. On the Fabric of the Human Body |
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| Wrote 'On the Motion of the Heart and Blood', same blood flows in both veins and arteries, makes complete circuit through the body. |
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| Women in the origins of modern science- |
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| Women were attracted to science. Very controversial subject. |
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participant in crucial scientific debates. Very outspoken and active but was denied a spot in the Royal Society.
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Entomologist. Studied insects and plants in South America. Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam.
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| Most famous female astronomer. Married Gottfried Kirch who was Germany’s foremost astronomer and became his assistant. She was denied a post at the Berlin Academy of science because she was a woman. |
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| created a new view of humankind based on doubt. Discourse on Method. |
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| "I think therefore I am"- |
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| Descartes believed that because humans had the ability to think, then they undoubtedly existed. |
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| Descartes new view of humankind- |
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| separation of mind and matter, he would accept only those things that his reason said were true. |
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| Descartes' deductive method |
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| created mathematical proofs, but would only rely on his mind. go from big to small |
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| - absolute duality between mind and body. Matter was inert, could be investigated independently by reason. Created by Descartes, and was dubbed Father of Modern Rationalism. |
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| Founded by John Locke, this was the belief that knowledge arose from sense experiences. |
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| Descartes and Bacon both played in to this, with Bacon arguing for induction and Descartes supporting deduction. Isaac Newton combined them both to start with systematic observations and experiments which were used to arrive at general concepts. Deductions derived from these general concepts could then be tested and verified by precise experiments. |
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| Francis Bacon's inductive method- |
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| attempted to put forward a new method of acquiring knowledge that urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. Wanted science to create devices that would benefit society. |
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| "to conquer nature in action"- |
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| As declared by Bacon, science could be used to control and dominate nature. |
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| Benedict de Spinoza's pantheism |
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| First of all, this guy tried to scientifically prove that women were inferior to men. Pantheism refers to his belief that God was the universe. Everything that exists is god. Spinoza rejects Descartes separation of mind and matter. |
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| Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to their reason and their emotions. Humans are frail creatures that are easily deceived by senses and misled by reason and emotions. But they thought! God was a reasonable bet – there was nothing to lose. Did not succeed in uniting Christianity and Science. |
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| scientific society in which prominent scientists met and discussed. Determined to investigate technological improvements for industry. Not really encouraged by gov. |
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| French Royal Academy of Sciences- |
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| Louis XIV formally recognized this group. They collected tools and machines but both ended up focusing on theoretical astronomy and mathematics. |
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| The spread of science through these clubs- |
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| they published papers such as Journal des Savants for france and Philosophical Transactions for england. |
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| Medieval science, Renaissance Science –compare with Sci. Rev |
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| Well medieval science wasn't really science at all. Everything came from God. Renaissance science was more about magic and how each human had a small piece of divinity within him or herself (hermeticism). The scientific revolution began to make real progress. People looked at things differently, and began to ask "Why?" |
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