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| Intellectual movement in Northern Europe in late 15th century, early 16th century that combined interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with interest in the sources of early Christianity. Major goal was reform of the Church |
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1466-1536
Most influential of all Christian Humanists. Born in Holland educated at the school of the Brothers of Common Life.
"The Handbook of the Christian Night" 1503 Christianity should be a guide on how to live, emphasized inner piety and de emphasized the external forms of religion."Praise of Folly" humorous book on abuses of clergy |
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1511 by Erasmus
humorous and effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his society, harsh on abuses of clergy |
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| Appointment of family members to important political position; derived from regular appointment of nephews by Renaissance popes |
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| making a profit of sacred things |
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| Made 5 of his nephews cardinals and gave many church offices to build up finances |
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| 1517- issued indulgences to finance construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Thought Luther was drunken German |
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| Mystical movement which downplayed religious dogmas. Stressed need to follow Jesus |
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| 1483. Born in Germany, was educated as Lawyer. Caught in thunderstorm swore if he got out he would devote life to Church (monk). U. of Wittenberg. Sola Fide Justification of faith. 95 Theses. Excommunicated 1521 |
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| Faith alone will lead to salvation. ML |
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| scripture alone will lead to salvation |
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1491-1556
Founded by Jesuits (society of Jesus)
"spiritual exercises" 1540 Jesus recognized by pope. Structured like a military command. Established schools, conversion, fought protestantism |
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| Archbishop of Mainz 1514-1545 Pope Leo X allowed him to sell indulgences to repay his loan if half the money raised was sent to Rome. Hired John Tetzel |
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| Dominican who sold Indulgences in Germany. "As soon as coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs" |
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Martin luther
-response to selling Indulgences
Copies sent all around Germany. Spread his ideas and started reform. |
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Charles V demanded that Lutherans return to the Catholic Church by April 15, 1531
result was that Schmaldik league was formed |
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| Babylonian Captivity of the Catholic Church |
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Written for Theologians by Luther 1520
attack sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had held the real meaning of the gospel captive for 1000 years |
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Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants Pamphlet written by Luther 1534
Called upon German princes to "smite slay and stab" the stupid and stubborn peasantry who were revolting |
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1521 Martin Luther was made an outlaw within the empire by Charles V
His works were burned, Luther was to be captured and taken to emperor |
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| Doctrine of Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharists, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus |
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1484-1531.
Swiss son of wealthy peasant. Ordained priest in
1506
1518 priest at Great Minister of Zurich
began reformation in Switzerland
Looked to state to supervise church. Relics/images abolished . New mass, no music. Lords Supper was symbolic |
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1529 Produced no agreement and no alliance between Zwingli and Luther because of the Lords Supper
Luther- literal
Zwingli- symbolic |
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Disputes between King Francis 1 and Charles V over land
1st fought for 24 years (1521) |
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Attractive to peasants, weavers, miners and artisans
true Christian Church was a voluntary association believers had undergone spiritual rebirth and rebaptized. all believers are equal. Lord's supper= remembrance |
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1496-1561 rejuvenated Dutch anabaptism
peaceful,
Seperation from world in order to truly emulate life of Jesus. Mennonites spread from the Netherlands into Northwest germany and into Poland and Newworld |
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Radical ex follower of Luther
pastor inflamed peasants against their rulers
revolt began in Germany in 1524 |
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| Popes nickname for Henry 8th |
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1478-1535
English Lawyer
Began public career that took him to the highest ranks
Household was a model of Christian family.
"Utopia" 1516 an imaginary Island in the vicinity of New World |
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Henry 8th First Wife
Divorced because she failed to produce male heir
Catholic |
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1489-1556 Became archbishop of Canturbury in 1532
Made Henry 8th marriage to Catherine null and validated marriage to Anne Boleyn. When Henry died he began to reform the church of England |
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1534 Parliament King is head of Church of England
Completed break with Rome |
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| Stayed away from all reform propositions for the Church of England |
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1547-1553)
Born in 1538
Succeeded his dad Henry 8th as King Of England son of 3rd wife Jane Seymour
sick, 9 years old when he was King
when parliament passed religious reformation acts |
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First Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine Aragon
Catholic wanted England to be Catholic. Married Philip son of Charles V. Future king of Spain. Burned more than 300 protestant heretics
England became more Protestant after her |
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1509-1564
France-lawyer
1533 religious crises convinced of inner guidance of God. 1536 Institutes Christian religion. Fatih alone, absolute soverneighty of God, predestination, Lord's Supper and baptism = scarements. Jesus spiritually Lord Supper not literal |
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"Eternal Decree"= God predestined some people to be saved others to be damned
Possible salvation= open protestant faith Godly life, participation in scaraments |
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1536-1564= Geneva
1538-1541 Calvin preached here
1541- accepted Calvin's view of church
Center of Protestantism |
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| The Ecclesiastical Ordinances |
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Calvin 1541 accepted by Geneva city council
Church constitution Created Government that used both clergy and laymen in the service of church
Consistory enforced moral discipline. Set up as a court to oversee moral discipline, life and doctoral purity of Genevans |
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| The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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Calvin 1536 in Basel
Masterful synthesis of Protestand thought that immediately secured him as a new leader of Protestantism |
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1555
religious warfare in Germany ended
Discussion of Christianity was formally acknowledged
Lutheranism granted equal legal standing with Catholicism
each German ruler had the right to determine the religion of his subjects |
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February 1531- response to Charles V demand of Lutherans returning to Catholicism
8 Princes and 11 imperial cities formed this defensive alliance |
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Revived best features of Medieval Catholicism
Most apparent in revival of mysticism and monasticism |
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| Spanish Knight and Theologian who emerged as a leader of the counter reformation. He was a devote Catholic |
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1542 called by Pope Paul III to resolve differences with Protestantism
March 1545 meeting took place in Trent between Germany and Italy.
Ended with reaffirmation of traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to protestant beliefs. Catholic church now has organized frame work with more confidences |
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1534 1549
Continued renaissance practices- nephews to Cardinals politics and patronizing the arts. 1535 appointed a reform commission for church
Blamed problems on corrupt popes and Cardinals
Recognized Jesuits and called Council of Trent
Established Roman Inquisition or Holy Office in 1542 |
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