Term
The painting above (Madonna and child) represents the warmth and serenity of Italian renaissance art as depicted by
a) Titian
b) Botticelli
c) Raphael
d) Giotto
e) Da Vinci |
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Definition
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Term
The achievements of the Renaissance art were due to the growth in all of the following EXCEPT
a) classical learning that followed rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman works
b) urban expansion providing an atmosphere conducive to experimentation in art and thought
c) an optimistic and individualistic outlook on life
d) an anti-Christian outlook that expressed itself in a large body of art and literature
e) patronage of the urban nobility |
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Definition
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Term
The drawing of Ptolemy as shown above was based upon which system of planetary motion?
a) Syncrenistic
b) Heliocentric
c) Geocentric
d) Assymetric
e) Elliptical |
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Definition
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Term
Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince, expressed the belief that politics
a) should adhere to the same laws and principles as ethics
b) are the business of all citizens of the republic
c) are applicable only to the aristocracy
d) should not be accountable to ethical laws and principles
e) should be conducted only by the nobility |
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Definition
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Term
Martin Luther's doctrine included all of the following EXCEPT
a) Salvation through faith
b) transubstantiation
c) Scripture as the ultimate source of creed
d) Salvation through good works
e) opposition to indulgences |
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Definition
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Term
The political causes of the Protestant Reformation included
a) the weakening of the nobility
b) abuses of the clergy
c) the Italian church
d) resentment of the Holy Roman Emperor
e) the quest for indulgences combined with the factors above |
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Definition
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Term
An indulgence in Christian theology was
a) absolution of future sins
b) permission to commit sins
c) forgiveness of sin
d) a sacrament of the Church
e) a last rite |
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Definition
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Term
St. Thomas Aquinas' theology which the Protestant reformers opposed, taught that
a) sinners do not need a priest to attain grace
b) man must have faith in an omnipotent God
c) sacraments are unnecessary
d) humans have free will to choose between good and evil
e) all is predestined |
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Definition
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Term
Luther's posting of the 95 Theses at Wittenburg was inspired by
a) his belief in predestination
b) the sale of papal indulgences
c) his anger over papal illiteracy
d) his outrage over papal supremacy
e) a divine act |
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Definition
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Term
After the reign of Henry VIII, the Anglican Church
a) returned once again to Roman Catholicism
b) remained Protestant through the Stuarts
c) alternated between Protestantism and Catholicism
d) followed the Lollard reforms
e) was dominated by Puritans |
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Definition
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Term
The treatise, Institutes of the Christian Religion, was written by
a) Thomas Wolsey
b) John Knox
c) Thomas More
d) John Calvin
e) Thomas a Becket |
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Definition
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Term
The Council of Trent responded to the Protestant Reformation by
a) reinstituting Catholic doctrine and discipline
b) permitting the growth of Protestantism
c) condemning the Inquisition in Spain
d) asserting the Council's superiority to the Pope
e) joining the reform movement |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following were reasons for the Church's delayed reaction to Protestantism EXCEPT
a) internal disputes
b) fear of a violent coup against the Pope
c) lack of resolution of the papacy
d) preoccupation with Italian politics
e) lack of a unified policy |
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Definition
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Term
The Catholic counterreformation refers to
a) the movement to eliminate Catholic dogma
b) a military campaign to crush Protestantism
c) a political movement to remove the Pope
d) a religious campaign to bring back Protestants to Catholicism
e) a movement to punish heretics |
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Definition
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Term
Martin Luther finally concluded
a) one's love of God had to be demonstrated by prayer
b) the sacraments of Baptism and Eucharist were essential to God's grace
c) ascetic practices were necessary to attain salvation
d) by faith alone humans are justified in the sight of God
e) the Pope was infallible |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following were predecessors of the Lutheran reform EXCEPT
a) John Wycliffe
b) John Huss
c) Marsiglio of Padua
d) Thomas Aquinas
e) John Gerson |
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Definition
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Term
Ulrich Zwingli was responsible for the Protestant conversion of
a) the Netherlands
b) Switzerland
c) France
d) Sweden
e) Scotland |
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Definition
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Term
John Calvin's concept of predestination is best verified by
a) a sign of God's grace at birth
b) evidence of material success and piety
c) trial by ordeal
d) a miraculous occurrence within the congregation
e) the Holy Office of the Inquisition |
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Definition
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Term
The German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525 was
a) a desperate attempt to lower prices and break the monopoly of the wealthy
b) the first documented revolt of the lower classes in Europe
c) a violent struggle between German peasants and German workers
d) an attempt by the lower classes to seize political rights
e) an uprising of serf against noble |
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Definition
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Term
The Society of Jeuss was
a) a militant religious movement under the leadership of Cardinal Ximenes
b) a new order founded by Ignatius Loyola to serve the Pope and Church
c) the military arm of the Council of Trent
d) a charitable institution providing alms for the poor
e) a monastic movement |
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Definition
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Term
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 permitted
a) full freedom of conscience to all Germans
b) German princes were free to choose between Catholicism and Protestantism
c) a treaty between the Pope and Martin Luther
d) unification of the Catholic Church and that of Eastern Orthodoxy
e) religious toleration |
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Definition
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Term
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1562 involved
a) the murder of French Huguenots
b) the slaying of Pope Paul III
c) the persecution of Anabaptists
d) the death of Waldensians
e) pogroms against Jews |
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Definition
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Term
"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." The above statement was most likely spoken by
a) Pope Alexander VI
b) John Knox
c) Sir Thomas More
d) John Tetzel
e) Martin Luther |
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Definition
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Term
The Index of Prohibited Books, was a listing of forbidden texts issued by the
a) Calvinist town council of Geneva
b) Holy Office of the Catholic Church
c) Professed of the Four Vows
d) Archbishop of Canterbury
e) Society of Jesus |
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Definition
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Term
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was fought primarily to
a) secure the power of the Holy Roman Empire
b) drive the Moors out of southern Spain
c) expel the English from France
d) solidify the power of the Habsburgs of Austria
e) reduce Russian dominance |
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Definition
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Term
The Wars of the Roses in England was a series of wars between
a) England and Scotland
b) England and Wales
c) the monarchy and nobility
d) rival factions of barons
e) church and state |
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Definition
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Term
Castiglione, in his work The Courtier,
a) provided a handbook for politics
b) suggested the proper social graces for a young noble
c) insisted upon the complete equality of social classes
d) supported the power of the monarch
e) condemned the Church |
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Definition
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Term
The reign of Louis XI of France is best described as
a) consolidating French rule through absolutism
b) failing to develop an economic policy for France
c) involving France in a series of military fiascos
d) developing a concordat with Rome
e) leading to the construction of Versailles |
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Definition
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Term
Most noteworthy in the reign of Henry VII was
a) the expansion of the Star Chamber as an agency of royal authority
b) the increased power of Parliament
c) renewed conflict between England and France
d) the development of the Model Parliament
e) the execution of his wives |
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Definition
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Term
The Christianization and unification of Spain was inextricably tied with the reign of
a) Charles V
b) Alexander VI
c) Ferdinand and Isabella
d) Philip II
e) Peter I |
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Definition
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Term
The Christianization and unification of Spain was inextricably tied with the reign of
a) Charles V
b) Alexander VI
c) Ferdinand and Isabella
d) Philip II
e) Peter I |
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Definition
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Term
By the 16th Century, the Reformation had extended its influence to all of the following nations EXCEPT
a) Germany
b) Switzerland
c) Spain
d) Scotland
e) Sweden |
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Definition
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Term
For Europe, the Protestant Revolt of Martin Luther
a) was a cataclysmic event without previous cause
b) had little impact outside of Germany
c) was only one of many movements challenging Church corruption
d) inspired little interest or concern
e) led to religious toleration |
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Definition
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Term
The Anabaptists preached
a) the need for a new Jerusalem on earth
b) the clergy's role as a guide to salvation was useless
c) the use of Baptism is ineffectual
d) that material goods were sinful
e) that salvation is predestined |
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Definition
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Term
The Fuggers of Augsburg were:
a) leaders of the Hanseatic league
b) bankers
c) merchants
d) urban nobility
e) clergymen |
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Definition
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Term
The Edict of Nantes:
a) provided complete freedom of worship for all Catholics
b) ended the civil war between Catholics and Protestants in France
c) established the Huguenot reign of Henry of Navarre
d) provided official toleration of French Protestantism
e) was signed by Louis XVI |
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Definition
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Term
Calvinist church organization differed from Catholic in that it:
a) stressed regional and local religious authority
b) adopted a centralized Episcopal system
c) established local courts throughout Europe
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Peace of Augsburg included in its provisions:
a) Anabaptists
b) Calvinists and Lutherans
c) Only Lutherans
d) Only Calvinists
e) Congregationalists |
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Definition
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Term
A politique was:
a) a political bureaucrat in France
b) the governor of a French district
c) rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity
d) a conservative advisor to the King of France
e) a critic of French government |
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Definition
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Term
The Huguenots were:
a) French Catholics
b) French merchants
c) French Protestants
d) Elite French troops
e) French mercenaries |
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Definition
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Term
Catherine de Medicis had to contend with which of the following families for control of France after the death of Henry II?
a) Bourbons
b) Montmorency-Chatillons
c) Guises
d) All of the Above
e) None of the Above |
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Definition
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Term
Catherine de Medicis' first concern was to preserve the French monarchy and in accordance with that policy, she:
a) was ambivalent in her support of Catholics and Protestants
b) supported Catholicism at every issue
c) supported Protestantism at every issue
d) was a politique
e) supported Anabaptists |
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Definition
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Term
Catherine de Medicis' first concern was to preserve the French monarchy and in accordance with that policy, she:
a) was ambivalent in her support of Catholics and Protestants
b) supported Catholicism at every issue
c) supported Protestantism at every issue
d) was a politique
e) supported Anabaptists |
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Definition
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Term
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted in:
a) a new wave of distrust and expanded warfare among Protestants and Catholics
b) the massacre of thousands of Catholics
c) an international struggle for survival for Protestants
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Prince of Conde was:
a) a Huguenot leader
b) a leader of the Guise faction
c) the assassin of the Duke of Guise
d) a political advisor to Henry II
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Gaspard de Coligny was:
a) one of the leaders of the French Protestant resistance
b) an important advisor to Catherine de Medicis
c) attacked during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Henry of Navarre:
a) was a politique
b) supported Catholicism as the majority religion of his country
c) tolerated a Protestant minority in his country
d) both A and C
e) All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Edict of Nantes:
a) recognized Catholic religious freedoms
b) recognized Huguenot religious freedoms and the rights of Protestants to participate in French public institutions
c) was promulgated by Henry IV and provided for religious toleration in England
d) both B and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Philip II of Spain was generally a successful kiing, but his reign also suffered from:
a) loan defaults
b) inflation
c) a wide gap between rich and poor
d) all of the above
e) both A and B only |
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Definition
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Term
In 1571 the Spanish ended Turkish control of the Mediterranean at the battle of:
a) The Dardanelles
b) Gibraltar
c) Lepanto
d) Halfa
e) Crete |
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Definition
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Term
Two men who helped shape and enforce Philip II's policy toward the Netherlands were:
a) Henry of Navarre and Don Carlos
b) Count of Egmont and the Duke of Alba
c) Cardinal Granville and the Duke of Alba
d) Don Carlos and Henry of Navarre
e) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
William of Orange was:
a) a Catholic
b) a Lutheran
c) a Calvinist
d) all of the above at different times
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Compromise was:
a) Elizabeth I's Anglican solution
b) The settlement of 1688 when William of Orange ascended the English throne
c) A national covenant which pledged to resist the Council of Trent and the Inquisition
d) The alliance between French Huguenots and the German Lutherans
e) The Calvinists' agreement with the Anabaptists to stop fighting |
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Definition
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Term
The Pacification of Ghent was:
a) the declaration of internal sovereignty in matters of religion between the English and the Dutch
b) a compromise between the English and the Spanish over the Netherlands
c) the process of consolidation after the Spanish victory over the Dutch
d) the treaty signed between Austria and Prussia
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The result of the Perpetual Edict of 1577 was:
a) the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands
b) Dutch subservience to the Spanish victors for the next 50 years
c) Spanish defiance of the Union of Brussels
d) both B and C
e) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The result of the Perpetual Edict of 1577 was:
a) the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands
b) Dutch subservience to the Spanish victors for the next 50 years
c) Spanish defiance of the Union of Brussels
d) both B and C
e) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
During the reign of Mary I:
a) nearly 300 Catholics were executed
b) the "Marian Exiles" were caught and returned to England for execution
c) Protestant legislation was repealed
d) both A and B
e) religious toleration laws were passed |
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Definition
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Term
Elizabeth I's religious settlement can best be described as:
a) a central Episcopal system with broadly defined Catholic doctrine and traditional Protestant ritual
b) a central Episcopal system with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual
c) moderate Calvinism with toleration of Catholics assured
d) strong Puritan faith with Catholic rituals
e) both B and C |
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Definition
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Term
Elizabeth I's religious settlement can best be described as:
a) a central Episcopal system with broadly defined Catholic doctrine and traditional Protestant ritual
b) a central Episcopal system with broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual
c) moderate Calvinism with toleration of Catholics assured
d) strong Puritan faith with Catholic rituals
e) both B and C |
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Definition
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Term
Mary, Queen of Scots was executed because:
a) she was Catholic
b) of her support of the Spanish Armada
c) of her complicity in plots against Elizabeth
d) both B and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
A major grievance of the Puritans was:
a) retention of the Catholic ceremony and vestments
b) continuation of the Episcopal system and church governance
c) conducting of the mass in Latin
d) conducting of the mass in Italian
e) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
Congregationalists were:
a) extreme political reactionaries
b) a moderate voice in favor of Elizabeth's Anglican Church
c) extreme Puritans
d) followers of John Knox
e) Anabaptists |
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Definition
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Term
John Knox was valuable to Elizabeth because he:
a) served as the first Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury
b) supported England in its wars with Spain
c) served as a watchdog over Mary Stuart
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588:
a) gave heart to Protestant resistance everywhere
b) saved France from Spanish conquest
c) inflicted a defeat from which Spain would never fully recover
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648:
a) ended all hostilities within the empire
b) asserted the cuis region, eius religio principle of the Peace of Augsburg
c) gave legal recognition of Calvinists
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Thirty Years War and the treaty that followed resulted in:
a) French division of and control over the duchies of Germany
b) The death of an estimated one-third of the population of Germany
c) The decentralization of Germany over two centuries to come
d) both B and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Henry IV gave Huguenots the right to practice their religion through:
a) the Edict of Potsdam
b) the Edict of Fontainebleau
c) the Edict of Nantes
d) an agreement with the papacy
e) the Peace of Amiens |
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Definition
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Term
The growth of absolutism resulted in wars prompted by the:
a) militant policies of Huguenots
b) merchants greed for profits
c) Habsburg's new Spanish acquisitions
d) religious differences and dynastic ambitions
e) interest in new trade routes |
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Definition
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Term
Louis XIV supported all of the following EXCEPT:
a) the building of the Palace of Versailles
b) cooperation with the Estates General
c) art and culture
d) the theory of the divine right of kings
e) the policies of Cardinal Richelieu |
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Definition
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Term
Of the following, which nation best completes the statement: Others wage war, you _______, marry?:
a) England
b) France
c) Austria
d) Spain
e) Belgium |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following best reflects Louis XIV's philosophy of government?
a) The king is responsible for the happiness of his subjects
b) Only the Estates General can meet the needs of France
c) The king is responsible only to God
d) The separation of powers is necessary for proper government
e) The Fronde was justified |
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Definition
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Term
In England, responsibility for the civil war which led to the downfall of absolutism rests mainly with:
a) Charles I and James II
b) radical protestants
c) members of the Parliament
d) Scottish Presbyterians
e) Irish Catholics |
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Definition
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Term
The Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell represents the first:
a) English theocratic government
b) Victory of English democracy
c) Development of English absolutism
d) Successful leadership of Parliament
e) Attempt at religious freedom |
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Definition
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Term
After the death of Oliver Cromwell, England witnessed the:
a) resurgence of Catholicism
b) reestablishment of the Stuarts
c) restoration of military rule
d) revival of the Tudor dynasty
e) Long Parliament |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following did NOT occur under the rule of Oliver Cromwell?
a) Persecution of Jews
b) Prohibition of public entertainment
c) Crushing the Irish rebellion
d) Expansion of maritime trade
e) Stringent religious policies |
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Definition
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Term
The term "Glorious Revolution of 1688" refers to the:
a) revolt of the Huguenots against Louis XIV
b) replacement of an English monarch by Parliament
c) revolt of the Netherlands against Spain
d) establishment of Anglicanism in England
e) peasant revolt against James II |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements about the Glorious Revolution is true?
a) It was a violent act
b) It was an absolute act
c) It was a constitutional act
d) It brought Charles II to the throne
e) It ended in disaster |
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Definition
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Term
The term "English Restoration" refers to the restoration of:
a) property of the Anglican Church
b) the Tudor dynasty
c) Roman Catholicism in England
d) Charles II to the throne
e) Puritanism |
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Definition
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Term
Thinkers of the Enlightenment considered humanity as:
a) emotional believers in God
b) bundles of feelings, animal urges, and fears
c) a link in the rationally ordered chain of beings
d) the only reason for the divinely inspired universe
e) incapable of reason |
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Definition
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Term
The impact of the Enlightenment on the political development of Europe can best be seen in:
a) social order maintained by natural law
b) a desire for new criminal laws
c) Rousseau's call for liberty and equality
d) a pacifist view concerning war
e) a resurgence of democracy |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements concerning the scientific research in the 17th and 18th centuries is INCORRECT?
a) It was based on the belief that understanding nature's laws can contribute to human progress.
b) It was pursued only at great universities.
c) It gave a firm foundation to physics, chemistry, and medicine.
d) It became international in scope
e) It involved inductive and deductive reasoning |
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Definition
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Term
The philosopher Rene Descartes' concept of rationalism may best be expressed in Latin as:
a) "cogito, ergo, sum"
b) "carpe diem"
c) "sic transit Gloria mundi"
d) "guadeamus igitur"
e) "caveat emptor" |
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Definition
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Term
In his work Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes maintained that:
a) the future is bright with promise, if men abandon old superstitions
b) man has a perpetual desire for power
c) God alone is the source of knowledge
d) reality is myth
e) humanity is inherently good |
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Definition
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Term
John Locke's Treatise on Civil Government proposed a political philosophy which was used to justify the:
a) American Revolution
b) Thirty Years War
c) Revolutions of 1848
d) Revolution of 1830
e) Seven Years' War |
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Definition
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Term
According to Locke, if there is evil in the world it is the result of:
a) human nature
b) divine plan
c) man's environment
d) original sin
e) natural law |
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Definition
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Term
Newton's view of the physical environment encompassed:
a) an incomprehensible void
b) a divine order and plan
c) a machine of perfect order
d) an irrational agglomeration
e) a cosmos based upon the Ptolemaic plan |
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Definition
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Term
The Petition of Right:
a) required no taxation without representation
b) forbade forced loans without the consent of Parliament
c) allowed billeting of troops in private homes
d) allowed the king to imprison freemen without due cause
e) allowed the king to execute freemen without trials |
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Definition
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Term
The policy of "thorough" refers to:
a) the religious reforms the Puritans advocated
b) Louis XIV's persecution of Huguenots
c) Charles II's laws aimed at Dutch commercial competition
d) Charles I's attempt at strict efficiency and administrative centralization
e) Cardinal Richelieu's religious policy |
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Definition
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Term
The "Long Parliament":
a) refers to the Parliament called after the Scottish invasion in 1640
b) is so named because it stood for over five years
c) resolved that Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The "Roundheads" were:
a) supporters of Charles I in the civil war
b) supporters of Parliament in the civil war
c) the nobility who supported the king
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following best describes Charles II?
a) a man of considerable charm and political skill
b) a strict Catholic who fought Parliament over religious toleration
c) a politically astute individual who failed to solve England's financial crisi
d) both A and C
e) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
Politically, the Glorious Revolution replaced:
a) James I with William and Mary
b) James II with Mary I
c) Charles II with Queen Anne
d) Charles II with Mary I
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Scientific Revolution:
a) implied rapid changes involving large numbers of people
b) did not involve more than a hundred human beings
c) progressed steadily from one correct thought to another
d) both A and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Geocentrism was:
a) advocated by Copernicus
b) a theory of Ptolemy drawing on Aristotle
c) rejected by the Church
d) A, B, and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The mathematician Galileo:
a) popularized the Copernican system
b) rejected the Copernican system
c) defended the church's views of the heavens
d) both B and C
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Tycho Brahe:
a) opposed the Copernican system
b) publicized the Copernican system
c) compiled accurate tables of astronomical observations
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Johannes Kepler:
a) opposed the Copernican theory
b) suggested that the orbits of the planets were elliptical
c) was a Neo-Platonist who drew pro-Copernican conclusions from Brahe's observations
d) both B and C
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Francis Bacon:
a) has been regarded as the father of empiricism and of experimentation in science
b) championed the desirability of innovation and change
c) believed that human knowledge should produce useful results
d) had the goal of human improvement
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The waning powers in the late 17th and 18th centuries were those which
a) failed to establish a central political authority
b) had a dominant nobility which controlled the king
c) were controlled by the interests of the cities, guilds, and church
d) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
During the 17th and 18th centuries, how did the political life of the Netherlands differ from that of the rest of Europe?
a) Netherlands was formally a republic with a decentralized government
b) Netherlands pursued a path toward strong centralized government
c) the Dutch generally felt comfortable with monarchy while other European nations rejected monarchy
d) both A and C |
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Definition
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Term
Which explains the decline of Dutch power?
a) a weak and vain nobility and a financial crisis
b) provincial disunity and commercial decline
c) an unproductive legislature and dictatorial chief minister
d) both B and C |
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Definition
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Term
The "Mississippi Bubble"
a) was a scheme to possess a monopoly on trading privileges in Louisiana
b) was the official term for French mercantilism in North America
c) was a fiasco promoted by the duke of St. Simon which brought disgrace on the government
d) both A and C |
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Definition
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Term
The regent of France after the death of Louis XIV was
a) the duke of St. Simon
b) Madame de Pompadour
c) the parlement
d) the duke of Orleans |
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Definition
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Term
The French parlements were
a) similar to the English Parliament only local in nature
b) local legislative bodies whose legality was recognized by the French king
c) local courts which had no power to legislate but traditionally had the power to recognize or not the legality of a law promulgated by the king
d) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
Cardinal Fleury
a) was determined to give France a policy of peace and improved France's economic situation
b) was a realist in the tradition of Richelieu and Mazarin
c) failed to prevent France from intervening in the war between Austria and Prussia
d) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The reign of Louis XV can best be described as
a) a wise and stable rule
b) an equitable one for the people of France, but not for the nobility
c) scandalous and mediocre
d) wise in his treatment of the nobility, but harsh for the people of France |
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Definition
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Term
Cardinal Fleury was successful in
a) paying off all of the national debt
b) establishing new industries for France
c) taxing both the church and the nobility sufficiently for the stable financing of the state
d) training Louis XV to become an effective monarch |
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Definition
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Term
When George I arrived in Britain, he favored which political faction?
a) Conservatives
b) Tories
c) Whigs
d) Liberals |
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Definition
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Term
Which best characterizes the political philosophy of Robert Walpole?
a) "checks and balances"
b) "let sleeping dogs lie"
c) kabinett government"
d) "pragmatic sanction" |
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Definition
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Term
The main political groupings in Parliament were:
a) Tories and Independents
b) Conservatives and Liberals
c) Whigs and Labor
d) Tories and Whigs |
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Definition
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Term
The Tory party favored
a) strong monarchy and low taxes
b) the sovereignty of Parliament
c) firm support of the Anglican church
d) both A and C |
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Definition
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Term
The Whig party supported
a) a monarchy limited by the final sovereignty of the Parliament
b) urban commercial interests and prosperity of landowners
c) religious toleration toward Protestant nonconformists
d) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The chief difference between the Whigs and Tories was
a) The Tories were more socially oriented, offering welfare programs to the people
b) one group had access to public office and royal patronage while the other did not
c) the Whigs represented the views of the lower classes
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
In 17th century Dutch religious life,
a) Jews were actively persecuted
b) extensive toleration was the rule
c) Catholics were excluded from social interaction with the Protestant community
d) both A and C |
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Definition
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Term
Which best characterizes the House of Commons in the 18th century?
a) an unrepresentative body dominated by property owners and wealthy men
b) a national legislature split between two parties of very different philosophies
c) a representative and democratic institution
d) a judicial body used to challenge the monarchy |
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Definition
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Term
Robert Walpole averted economic disaster when he
a) took measures to honor the national debt after the South Sea Company collapsed
b) taxed the nobility
c) taxed a portion of church lands
d) formed a national profit venture called the South Sea Company |
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Definition
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Term
A borough was a
a) municipal corporation
b) small village
c) church parish
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
In comparison to political life on hte Continent, the British system was
a) unresponsive to popular political pressure
b) homogenous in voice with few dissenting opinions because of similar interests among the nobility
c) generally more free and responsive to public views
d) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
In comparing the political and economic situations in Western Europe with that of Central and Eastern Europe during the 18th century,
a) there were fewer cities and more serf-run estates in Eastern Europe
b) the economy was more agrarian in Western Europe
c) there was almost constant warfare in central and Eastern Europe
d) both A and C |
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Definition
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Term
Prussia and Russia achieved considerable military power and inlfuecen with the decay or military defeat of
a) Sweden, Poland, and France
b) England
c) Sweden, Norway, and the Ottoman Empire
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The Great Northern war (1700-1721) was fought between
a) Prussia and Russia
b) Russia and Austria
c) Sweden and Russia
d) Prussia and Sweden |
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Definition
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Term
The Ottoman Empire made its greatest military impression on Europe in 1683 by
a) laying siege to Vienna
b) conquering southern France
c) invading Russia along the river routes
d) seizing lands north of the Black Sea |
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Definition
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Term
With regard to the Polish diet, the phrase, liberum veto, refers to
a) newly acquired free speech among Poles
b) a restriction of personal liberty
c) the disbanding of the Diet by a single member
d) the freeing of the serfs |
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Definition
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Term
The Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699,
a) required the Ottomans to surrender significant territory in Europe
b) resulted in Ottoman gains around the Black Sea
c) expanded Ottoman control of the spice trade in South Asia
d) both B and C |
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Definition
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Term
The legislature of Poland was ineffective because
a) the nobles had been weakened by court life
b) unlike the West, there was no two-party system
c) the monarchy permitted no real freedom of speech
d) every member ha dthe right to order the body disbanded |
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Definition
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Term
The Diet was
a) the Polish supreme court
b) a central legislative body in Sweden
c) the body of elite Austrian soldiers
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The decline of Spanish power after 1648
a) allowed the Austrian Habsburgs to dominate 300 autonomous states in Germany
b) forced the Austrian Habsburgs to forfeit the titles of Holy Roman Emperor
c) destroyed the Imperial Diet at Regensburg
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The most difficult area to govern in all of the Habsburg lands was
a) Hungary because of the Magyar nobility
b) Bohemia because of its aggressive king, Stephen
c) Naples because of the Spanish presence
d) Lombardy because of the restrictions of the Treaty of Utrecht |
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Definition
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Term
Leopold I was important since
a) he resisted the advances of the Turks and Louis XIV
b) he extended Habsburg holdings over modern Yugoslavia and Romania
c) he reorganized the Magyar noblity
d) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
The Pragmatic Sanction
a) was promulgated by Leopold I and stressed pragmatism in finding a solution to religious strife in Habsburg lands
b) provided a legal basis for the inheritance of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg throne
c) was promulgated by Frederick II in support of his claim to the Habsburg throne
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The ruling family in Prussia was called the
a) Habsburgs
b) Westphalians
c) Hohenzollerns
d) Hanoverians |
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Definition
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Term
The landowning nobliity of Prussia was known as
a) the boyars
b) the Magyars
c) the Junkers
d) the cabinet |
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Definition
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Term
Frederick William the Great Elector succeeded in
a) defending German lands from the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire
b) forging an army which enforced his will without the approval of the nobility
c) establishing trade between German principalities and France
d) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Frederick William I was known for his
a) aggressive and warlike policies
b) acquisition of a royal title
c) fanatical military discipline
d) acquisition of the throne for his daughter |
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Definition
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Term
The streltsy were
a) advisors to the tsars
b) the descendants of Michael Romanov
c) guards of the Moscow garrison
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
A boyar is
a) a trusted advisor to the king of Prussia
b) an elite force of Prussian military officers
c) a "communal" form in Russia
d) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Peter the Great built his new capital
a) on the Gulf of Finland
b) on the Black Sea
c) in Pomerania
d) in the Ural Mountains |
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Definition
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Term
The goal of Peter the Great's internal reforms was to
a) support a policy of warfare
b) secure a warm water port
c) oppose westernization
d) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
The variety of revolutionary economic changes in Europe in the 18th century resulted in:
a) acceptance of the natural right to private property
b) reliance upon the commercial class by absolute rulers
c) recognition of the needs of the working class
d) the growing influence of the capitalist class
e) the rise of socialism |
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Definition
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Term
Industrialization in England resulted from all the following EXCEPT
a) a supportive Parliament
b) high domestic food prices
c) an effective central bank
d) an overseas market for finished goods
e) a stable government |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following was most important in changing the textile industry?
a) low cost American cotton
b) the "piece goods" domestic system
c) labor saving machinery in large mills
d) permitting child labor within factories
e) the development of water power |
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Definition
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Term
James Hargraves and Richard Arkwright were both associated with
a) machine tools
b) textile-spinning machines
c) railroad equipment
d) steam engines
e) agricultural machinery |
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Definition
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Term
The English Luddites were workers who
a) demanded better pay and working conditions
b) were anti-industrialists who destroyed machines
c) were utopian socialists
d) fought for greater representation in Parliament
e) unionized British industry |
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Definition
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Term
The prerequisites of an industrial revolution include all the following EXCEPT
a) a fully developed transportation
b) markets for the sale of goods
c) rigid governmental regulation of the economy
d) a commercial class of entrepreneurs
e) a viable source for raw materials |
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Definition
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Term
The economic position of the working class is BEST described in which statement?
a) Population increase brought unemployment and poverty.
b) The availability of cheaper food eliminated hunger.
c) Typhus, tuberculosis, and cholera were eliminated.
d) Welfare programs in the cities were funded by local governments.
e) Private charities greatly alleviated hunger and distress. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is the best definition of neolocalism?
a) the forced movement of serfs in 18th century societies from landowner to landowner
b) the alternation of crops as an agricultural practice
c) the habit of adult children marrying and forming family units of their own
d) the efforts on the part of nobles to suppress the serfs' rights
e) the attempts by Jews to establish new communities in the ghettos of 18th century Europe |
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Definition
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Term
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, women's opportunities in the work force
a) became more restricted and tended to gravitate toward cottage industries and menial labor
b) became dramatically improved and tended to involve skilled workers
c) did not change significantly
d) tended to involve higher-paying positions
e) shifted toward the jobs traditionally held by men |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following were innovations during the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT
a) the steam engine
b) the spinning jenny
c) the manufacture of high quality iron
d) the water frame
e) the manufacture of steel |
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Definition
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Term
The corvee
a) was a tax assigned exclusively to French nobles that required them to pay their serf's feudal dues
b) was involuntary forced labor imposed on French peasants
c) was a special, annual tax exemption granted to French nobles
d) was a tool that improved the annual plowing of soil intended for agricultural use
e) was the annual tax increase levied against nobles in France |
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Definition
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Term
From 1671 to 1831, the English Game Laws
a) gave people of the lower classes equal access to game animals
b) provided landless nobles with the opportunity to hunt game animals
c) gave needy peasants the right to hunt game on the properties belonging to landowners
d) gave members of Parliament the exclusive right to hunt game animals
e) gave English landowners the exclusive right to hunt game animals |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following facts are true of 18th century enclosure method of farming EXCEPT
a) enclosures were intended to use the land rationally
b) enclosures were aimed at gaining greater commercial profits
c) enclosures brought turmoil to the social life of the countryside
d) enclosures increased food production
e) enclosures aided independent farmers, who relied on common pasturage |
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Definition
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Term
During the Old Regime, European Jews
a) were permitted equal access to social and economic opportunities in western European countries
b) were separated from non-Jews in districts called ghettos
c) were pro-monarchy
d) were living primarily in western Europe
e) enjoyed the rights and privileges of other subjects |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following regions saw the most dramatic population growth between 1600 and 1750?
a) capitals and medieval industrial cities
b) medieval industrial cities and landlocked trading centers
c) landlocked trading centers and capitals
d) ports and capitals
e) ports and medieval industrial cities |
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Definition
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Term
The Old Regime (ancient regime) refers to the period
a) after the Industrial Revolution
b) prior to the Industrial Revolution
c) prior to 1789
d) prior to the Agricultural Revolution
e) after 1800 |
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Definition
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Term
Sumptuary laws
a) required people of different classes to distinguish themselves by their dress
b) required landowners to provide peasants with an annual supply of food
c) were the rules that governed servants in the houses of landowners
d) were anti-competitive measures that restricted artisans from free trade
e) dictated taht landowners had exlusive access to game |
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Definition
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Term
Households of northwestern Europe
a) were nuclear rather than extended
b) were rather large with several generations under the same roof
c) maintained children at home until their early twenties
d) were often headed by women instead of men
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The concept of "family economy" maintained that
a) households often lived at subsistence level
b) families had a responsibility to save money
c) the household was the fundamental unit of production and consumption
d) both A and B
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
In pre-Industrial Europe, the role of the wife was
a) relatively obscure and unknown
b) rather unimportant since the household revolved around the father
c) to be an active organizer and participant in family decisions and security
d) consigned to bearing and rearing children
e) to be the primary provider of income for the family |
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Definition
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Term
Russian serfs were
a) generally treated better than in areas of Western Europe
b) not liable to banalities and corvees
c) treated as slaves
d) both A and B
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Peasant rebellions often occurred because of
a) unjust officials
b) a desire for freedom from obligations to a lord
c) unfair pricing by the aristocracy
d) both A and B
e) all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
What factors encouraged landlords to adopt technological innovations in agriculture?
a) the high cost of peasant labor
b) increased demand from the colonies
c) the frequency of peasant rebellions
d) a steady increase in the price of grain
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Charles "Turnip" Townsend instituted
a) crop rotation
b) the cultivation of sandy soil with fertilizers
c) new methods of animal breeding
d) the factory system
e) both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain because
a) it was the single largest free-trade area in Europe
b) the political structure was stable
c) taxation was not especially heavy
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
How would you characterize British society in the 18th century?
a) relatively mobile
b) tightly restricted
c) dominated by the middle class
d) all of the above
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The invention that took cotton textile manufacturing out of the home and put it in the factory was called the
a) steam engine
b) water frame
c) spinning jenny
d) flying shuttle
e) cotton gin |
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Definition
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Term
The first practical engine using steam was invented by
a) Edmund Cartwright
b) James Watt
c) Thomas Newcomen
d) John Wilkinson
e) Robert Fulton |
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Definition
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Term
Prominent thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries challenged popular beliefs. Which statement correctly reflects one of these challenges?
a) The age of reason and science gradually worked to eliminate superstitions
b) John Calvin demanded that witch trials be eliminated
c) Isaac Newton criticized alchemy
d) Jean Bodin insisted on legislation outlawing witch trials.
e) Voltaire's support of the Church's views of heresey |
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Definition
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Term
The 18th century philosophers were
a) university scholars
b) deists believing in a prime mover
c) utopians concerned over an ideal society
d) writers supporting the concept of social reform
e) specialists in Greek philosophy |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the folliwng CANNOT be linked with the concepts of the 18th century Enlightenment?
a) belief in man's capacity to reason
b) belief in humanity's capacity for self-improvement
c) application of natural science in daily life
d) belief in tradition as a source of truth
e) acceptance of natural rights |
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Definition
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Term
Spinoza's ethical philosophy is contained in which of the following statements?
a) Reason is the only infallible guide to wisdom
b) Understanding the harmony of nature is the perfect good
c) The universe is a machine governed by laws which man cannot override.
d) There is no such things as original sin.
e) God does not exist. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following of the Enlightenment thinkers was particularly interested in education?
a) Voltaire
b) Diderot
c) Montesquieu
d) Rousseau
e) Condorcet |
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Definition
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Term
The German philosopher Gotthold Lessing was convinced that
a) the Aryan race was a superior one
b) no one religion had a monopoly of truth
c) man is the root of all evil
d) man's life is brutish, nasty, and short
e) power was to be glorified |
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Definition
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Term
The liberal philosophy expressed in the statement, "I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it" would reflect the views of
a) Voltaire
b) Goethe
c) D'Alembert
d) Condorcet
e) Hobbes |
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Definition
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Term
The fundamental tenents of Deists such as Diderot, Lord Shaftsburg, and Thomas Jefferson concerning God may be summarized as
a) He is a capricious diety
b) He intervenes regularly in human affairs
c) He created the universe and its laws but does not intervene in human affairs
d) Prayer, sacraments, and supplication will intercede to mitigate God's wrath
e) Man is predestined to heaven or hell |
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Definition
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Term
"Crush the Infamous Thing!" was a phrase of Voltaire's that referred to
a) the monarchy
b) the Prussians
c) the Church
d) the philosophes
e) the parlements |
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Definition
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Term
Women contributed to the cause of the philosophes in all the following ways EXCEPT:
a) authoring pieces in the Encyclopedia
b) holding salons
c) buying their works and circulating them
d) blocking the circulation of works that attacked the philosophes
e) introducing them to people who could protect and fund them |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following were important influences on the Enlightenment EXCEPT
a) English political and economic stability
b) Consolidation of a print culture
c) A Ptolemaic worldview
d) The need for economic reform in France after the rule of Louis XIV
e) Ideas of Newton and Locke |
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Definition
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Term
The phrase "enlightened absolutism" refers to which of the following
a) the view held privately by many philosophes that absolutism was not really a bad kind of government
b) absolutism that was characterized by greater access to a monarch
c) absolutism that occurred after the Enlightenment
d) a late 18th century phenomenon whereby European rulers embraced the reforms of the philosophes
E) absolutism that the philosophes endorsed because of prevailing social and political conditions |
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Definition
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Term
The government of which of the following countries was a model to Enlightenment thinkers?
a) Spain
b) Germany
c) Prussia
d) Britain
e) Austria |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following authors envisioned a society in which individuals maintained their personal freedoms while participating as loyal members of the community at large?
a) Spinoza
b) Adam Smith
c) Rousseau
d) Voltaire
e) Montesquieu |
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Definition
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Term
The economic policy of Laissez-faire
a) argues that all must contribute to the good of the society in order for it to remain economically viable
b) sets out a series of governmental controls over individual economic pursuits
c) contends that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own economic interests
d) focuses on regulation at the local level to shape economic growth
e) argues that strict economic controls should serve as the basis for the economic system |
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Definition
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Term
The image of God as a divine watchmaker is associated with
a) Catholics
b) Deists
c) Huguenots
d) Jews
e) Lutherans |
|
Definition
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Term
The philosophes of the Enlightenment were
a) invariably associated with religious professions
b) mainly philosophers
c) exclusively politicians
d) primarily writers and critics
e) often scientists and inventors |
|
Definition
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Term
The view of human personality as tabula rasa is usually associated with which of the following thinkers?
a) Rousseau
b) Voltaire
c) Locke
d) Montesquieu
e) Diderot |
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Definition
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Term
Adam Smith advocated
a) mercantilism
b) domestic regulation of trade
c) trading monopolies
d) communism
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
Which monarch took the title as "first servant of the state"?
a) Joseph II
b) Louis XIV
c) Frederick the Great
d) Catherine the Great
e) Charles II |
|
Definition
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Term
The Encyclopedia project was led by
a) Diderot
b) Voltaire
c) Montesquieu
d) Locke
e) Both B and C |
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Definition
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Term
The major intellectual forerunner of the Enlightenment was
a) Isaac Newton
b) John Locke
c) Thomas Paine
d) Both A and B
e) none of the above |
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Definition
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