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| Egypt's king when it came under European sway. Technially subservient to the Ottoman sultan, he envisioned Egypt as a beneficiary of western technology. Introduced new irrigation projects, modernized the army, built schools, and increased government efficiency. Borrowed too much money for internal improvements and ended up in debt. |
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| Organized by Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro to defeat the Ottomans and drive them out of their lands. |
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| The most complete type of imperialism, with a country actually occupied and ruled by a foreign nation. |
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| The dominant country used diplomacy or military force to influence a weaker nation's internal affairs. |
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| Inspired by the desire to control global trade and commerce, especially as industrialization of western countries made their production and transportation capacities greater. Example during the 19th century: the creation of spheres of influence in China. |
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| Socio-cultural imperialism |
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| Based on a desire to influence a territory to adopt the cultural values and social customs of the imperialist country. |
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| Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific. Areas generally less appealing to European settlers. Main goal usually exploitation of natural resources. Few settlers, many natives. Problems: control of natives, potential uprisings, native elite resentment, control of governments. |
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| Areas generally more appealing to European settlers. Dual goals of settlement and exploitation of natural resources. Many European settlers; some had few natives, others had equal numbers of natives. In colonies with few natives, fewer conflicts occured; in those with many natives, problems were similar to those in tropical dependencies. Colonies located in many areas, including Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and South Africa. |
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| Allowed iron ore to be converted to steel efficiently. |
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| American inventor who experimented with electricity. |
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| Muslim princes in India. As Mughal power weakened in the 18th century, they asserted regional control at the empire's expense, and often made independent agreements with European companies. |
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| By 1750, staffed European outposts in India. Organized trade and protected warehouses and offices. |
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| Indian troops hired by European companies to assist with protection. |
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| Established by 1818- the East India company controlled vast areas of the subcontinent. |
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| Occurred in 1857. Hindu and Muslim troops rebelled because they thought they'd have to bite bullets greased with cow and pig fat. By 1858 order was restored and direct imperial rule was imposed. |
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| Worked under the British viceroy, who represented English authority. Staffed almost completely by Englishmen, much to Indian displeasure. |
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| The first of the prominent Indian nationalists. Promoted Indian nationalism in the early 19th century. Founded a society called Brahmo Samaj, whose goal was to reconcile Western values with the ancient religious traditions of India. |
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| Convened in 1885 by a group of educated and ambitious Indians. Aimed to create a larger role for Indians in the Civil Service, but unable to develop a broad appeal among ordinary Indians. |
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| A delegation headed by George Mccartney sent by the British government in order to open up more trade between China and Britan. Cultural conflicts led to failure. It was an early indication that the Europeans and Chinese would clash. |
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| Chinese restrictions on change. British goods could only come in through one port, Canton. |
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| Signed by the British and Chinese after the First Opium War of 1839-1842. Dismantled the Canton system. Increased the number of ports open to foreigners from one to five. British residents in China gained extraterritorial rights. |
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| Name for treaties between Britan and China after the second set of opium wars. The Chinese government lost control of foreign trade, and the opium trade continued to expand. |
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| The "Scramble for Africa" |
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| European nations competing for land claims. |
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| An African leader. Seized control of his small Zulu kingdom in 1816, organized an army, and attacked neighboring African states in competition for grazing land. |
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| An ethnic group in Southern Africa. |
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| A Scottish Protestant missionary. One of the first to explore Africa. Arrived in Africa in 1841. |
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| British entrepreneur and agressive imperialist. Founded De Beers Consolidated, a company that came to dominate the world's diamond trade, and attempted to build a railroad spanning Africa. |
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| An American journalist who set off amidst great publicity to find David Livingstone after nothing was heard from him for several months. Met him in October 1871 and said the famous phrase, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Returned home by way of the Congo River, where he established trading stations for King Leopold II of Belgium. |
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| 1884-1885. Convened by Otto Von Bismarck. Divided Africa amongst the European powers in order to avoid war. |
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| Claimed Australia for the British in 1770. |
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| Migrants who worked in return for payment of their passage. |
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| The assumption that the world is divided into four major ethnic groups, each with its own distinct traits. Evolved into Social Darwinism. |
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| Written by Charles Darwin in 1859. Used by scientific racists to derive their theories of Social Darwinism. |
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| Applied survival of the fittest to social situations. |
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| The best known Social Darwinist. |
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| German emperor. Dismissed Bismarck in 1890 and began to direct foreign policy himself. He dropped Bismarck's treaty with Russia, leading to the formation of the Triple Entente. |
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