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| Between roughly 1400 and 1650, nobles and rulers established serfdom in the eastern lands of Bohemia, Silesia, Hungary, eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. The east - the land east of the Elbe River in Germany, which historians often call "East Elbia" - gained a certain social and economic unity in the process. But eastern peasants lost their rights to freedoms. They became bound first to the ladn they worked and then, by degrading obligations, to the lords they served. |
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| Hereditary Subjugation pg 567 |
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| In Prussia in 1653, peasants were assumed to be tied to their lords in hereditary subjugation - bound to their lords from one generation to the next as well as to the land. |
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| The royal absolutism created in Prussia was stronger and more effective than that established in Austria. This advantage gave Prussia a thin edge over Austria in the struggle for power in east-central Europe in the eighteenth century. |
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| Indee, the lesser Czech nobility was largely Protestant in 1600 adn had considerable political power because it dominated the Bohemian Estates - the representative body of teh different estates, or legal order, in Bohemia. |
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| All the agricultural land of the Ottoman Empire was the personal hereditary property of the sultan, who exploited the land as he saw fit according to Ottoman political theory. There was therefore no security of landholding and no hereditary nobility. The sultan also defended peasant communities from greedy officials, so that peasants could afford to pay their taxes and support the state. |
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| The millet system created a powerful stabilizing bond between the Ottoman ruling class and the different religious leaders, who supported teh sultan's rule in return for extensive authority over the members of their communes. |
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| Pragmatic Sanction pg 573 |
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| In 1713 Charles VI proclaimed the so called Pragmatic Sanction, which stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always to be passed intact to a single heir, who might be female since Charles was the last of all Hapsburg males. |
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| Elector of Brandenburg pg 573 |
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| The elector of Brandenburg's right to help choose th Holy Roman emperor with six other electors bestowed prestige, but the elector had not military strength whatsoever. |
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| The Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia were dominated by the nobility and the landowning classes, known as the Junkers. |
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| Eastern Orthodoxy rejects the authority of the pope, but this is the main difference in religious and moral beliefs dividing it from Roman Catholicism. |
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| In the mainstream of European medieval civilization was the loose but real political unification of teh eastern Slavic territories under a single prince and a single dynasty in the eleventh century. So, too, was the typical feudal division of the land based society into ta boyard nobility and a commoner peasantry. |
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| Having devastated an dconquered, the Mongols ruled the eastern Slavs for more than two hundred years, the socalled Mongol Yoke. They built their capital of Saray on the lower Volga. They forced all the bickering Slavic princes to submit to their rule and to give them tribute and slaves. |
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| Not only was the prince of Moscow the unique ruler, he was the absolute ruler, the autocrat, the tsar - the Slavic contraction for "caesar," with all its connotations. The imperious was pwerfully reinfoced by two developments. |
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| Ivan II kep more than half of the confiscated land for himself and distributed the remainder to members of a newly emerging service nobility, who held the tsar's land on teh explicit conditon that they serve in the tsar's army. |
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| As the service nobils demanded more from the remaining peasants, more and more peasants fled toward teh wild, recently conquered territories to the east and south. There they formed free groups and outlaw armies known as Cossacks, who maintained a precarious independence beyond the tsar's reach. |
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| Baroque culture and art grew out of the revitalized Catholic church of the later sixteenth century. The papacy and the Jesuits expecially encouraged an emotional, exuberant art, which appealed to the senses of churchgoers and proclaimed the confidence and power of the Catholic Reformation. |
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