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| In regard to absenteeism and pluralism, amny clerics especially higher eclesiastics, held several benefices (or offices) simultaneously but seldom visted their benefices, let alone performed the spiritual responsibilities those offices entitled. |
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| The Imitation of Christ pg 456 |
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| The spirituality of the Brethren of teh Common Life found its finest expression in teh classic "The Imitation of Christ" by Thomas a Kempis, which gained wide appeal among laypeople. It urges Christians to take Christ as their model and seek perfection in a simple way of life. |
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| Ecumencial Council pg 456 |
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| The papacy also expressed concern for reform. Pope Julius II summoned an ecumenical council, which met in Rome from 1512 to 1517. |
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| According to Catholic theology, individuals who sin alienate themselves from God and his love. In order to be reconciled to God, the sinner must confess his or her sins to a priest and do the penance assianged. |
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| In his highly charged atmosphere, the twenty-one year old emperor Charles V held his first died (assembly of the Estates of the empire). Charles V summoned Luther to appear before the Diet of Worms. |
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| Between 1520 and 1530, Luther worked out the basic theological tenets that became the articles of faith for his new church ans subsequently for all Protestant groups. The word Protestant derives from the protest drawn up by a small group of reforming German princes at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. |
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| The Latin phrase Sola Scriptura "scripture alone," means that authority in the church rested only on the Scriptures: for a doctrine or issue to be valid, it had to have a scriputral basis. |
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| Transubstantiation pg 460 |
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| Catholics hold the dogma of transubstantion: by the consecrating words of teh priest during the Mass, the bread and wine became the actual body and blood of Christ, who is then fully present in the bread and wine. |
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| In opposition to transubstantiation Luther defined consubstantiation, the belief that after consecration the bread and wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is really present (the Real Presence) but the bread and wine are not transformed. |
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| Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli affirmed that the Lord's Supper is a memorial of the Last Supper and that n ochange whatever occus in teh elements. |
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| Critics of the late medieval church, especially educated townspeople, condemened the irregularity and poor quality of sermons. As a result, prosperous burghers in many towns established preacherships. Preachers were men of superier education who were required to deliver about a hundred sermans a yea, each lasting about forty-five minutes. |
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| Fifteenth-century Germany had witnessed several peasant revolts. In the early sixteenth century, the economic condition of the peasantry varied form place to place but was generally worse than it had been in the fifteenth century and was detiorating. |
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| The Institutes of Christian Religion pg 470 |
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| To understand Calvin's Geneva, it is necessary to understand his ideas. These he embodied in the Institutes of the Christian Religion, first published in 1536 and definitvely issued in 1559. |
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| Men and women cannot actively work to achieve salvation; rather, God in his infinte wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who damned. This viewpoint constitutes the theological principle called predestination. |
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| The anabaptists believed that only adults could make a free choice aout religious faith, baptism, and entry into the Christian community. |
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| Book of Common Prayer pg 474 |
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| In the short reign of Henry's sickly son, Edward VI (1547-1553), strongly Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the liturgy, in the first Book of Common Prayer (1549). |
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| Elizabethan Settlement pg 474 |
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| The parliamentary legislation of the early years of Elizabeth's reign - laws sometimes labeled the Elizabethan Settlement - required outward conformity to the Church of England and uniformity in all ceremonies. |
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| Loyola was a man of considerable personal magnetism. After he studied at universities in Salamanca and Paris, he gathered a group of six companions and in 1540 secured papal approval of the new Society of Jesus, whose members were called the Jesuits. |
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| In 1542 Pope Paul II established the Sacred Congreagation of teh Holy Office, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition, a powerful instrument of the Counter-Reformation. |
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