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| Poor harvests - and one in four was likely to be poor - led to scarcity and starvation. Almost all of northern Europe suffered a Great Famine in teh years 1315 to 1322, which contemporaries interpreted as a recurrence of the biblical "seven lean years" (Genesis 42). |
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| Scholars dispute the origins of the bubonic plague, often known as the Black Death. It is known that ship boarded rats were constantly on the move, which allowed the disease to spread rapidly. |
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| The classic symptom of the bubonic plague was a growth the size of a nut or an apple in the armpit, in the groin or on the neck. This was the boil, or buba, that gave the disease its name and caused agonizing pain. |
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| Some extremists joined groups of flagellants, who whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their and society's sins, in teh belief that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness. |
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| The Hundred Years' War pg 387 |
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| The 100 Years War was a prolonged conflict between two royal houses for the French throne, vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. The two primary contenders were the House of Valois, and the House of Plantagenet. The House of Valois claimed the title of King of France, while the Plantagenets from England claimed to be Kings of France and England. The Plantagenet Kings in England, also known as the House of Anjou, had their roots in the French regions of Anjou and Normandy. French soldiers fought on both sides, with Burgundy and Aquitaine providing notable support for the Plantagenet side. This lasted from about 1337 to 1453. |
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| At Crecy in northern France in 1346, English longbowmen scored a great victory over French knights not very accurate, it allowed for rapid reloading, and English archers could send off three arrows to the French crossbowmen's one. |
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| At Agincourt near Arras in 1415, the chivalric English soldier-king Henry V gained teh field over vastly superior numbers. |
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| The ultimate French success rests heavily on the actions of an obscure French peasant girl, Joan of Arc, whos vision and work revived French fortunes and led to victory. |
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| Representative Assemblies pg 392 |
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| The long war had a profound impact on the political and cultural lives of England and France. Most notably, it stimulated the development of the English Parliament. Between 1250 and 1450, representative assemblies floursihed in many European countries. |
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| The 100 Years' War promoted the growth of nationalism - the feeling of unity and identity that binds together a people. |
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| Babylonian Captivity pg 393 |
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| From 1309 to 1376, the popes lived in Avignon in southeastern France. IN order to control the church and its policies, Philip the Fair of France pressured Pope Clement V to settle in Avignon. Clement critically ill with cancer, lacked teh willl to resist Philip. This period in church history is often called the Babylonian Captivity. |
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| John of Spoleto, a professor at the law school at Bologna, eloquently summed up intellectual opinion of the schism, or division. |
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| Theories about the nature of the Christian church and its government originated in teh very ealry church, but the years of the Great Schism witnessed their maturity. Conciliarists believed that reform of the church would best be achieved throu periodic assemblies, or general councils, representing all the Christian people. |
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| Once the prospective bride and groom had been decided on, parents paid the merchet (fine to the lord for a women's marriage - since he stood to lose a worker). |
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| Parents saw that the parish priest published on three successive Sundays the banns, public announcements that the couple planned to marry, to allow for objections to the union. |
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| Teh clerical writers who mentioned the rebellion sviewed the peasants with aristocratic disdain and hostility. Recent research provides some insight into peasant revolts. |
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| In 1358, when French taxation for the Hundred Years' War fell heavily on teh poor, the frustrations of the French peasantry exploded in a massive uprising called teh Jacquerie, after a mythical agricultural laborer, Jacques Bonhomme. |
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| On the frontiers of Latin Europe discrimination, ghetoization, and racism - now based on blood desent - characterized the attitudes of colonists toward native peoples. |
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| In the "Dalimil Chronicle," a survey of Bohemian history pervaded with Czech hostility toward Germans, one anti-German prince offered 100 marks of silver "to anyone who brought him one hundred noses cut off from the Germans." |
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| Statute of Kilkenny pg 405 |
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| The most extensive attempt to prevent intermarriage and protect racial purity is embodied in Ireland's Statute of Kilkenny (1366), which states that "there were to be no marriages between those of immigrant and native stock; that the English inhabitants of Ireland must employ the English language and bear English names; that they must ride in teh English way (i.e. with a saddle) and have English apparel; that no Irishmen were to be granted ecclesiastical benefices or admitted to monasteries in teh English parts of Ireland..." |
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