Term
The financial problem of the French government in the 18th century lay:
A) in the dissension among the nobility.
B) in the incompetence of its financial ministers.
C) with the king's inability to tap the wealth of the French nation.
D) with the dominance of the Catholic Church over the royal government. |
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Definition
C) with the king's inability to tap the wealth of the French nation.
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Term
| Just before the French Revolution, interest and payments on France's royal debt totaled over ___ of the entire budget. |
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Definition
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Term
The chief reason for the tremendous French debt was a succession of indecisive finance ministers.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Even excellent ministers such as Necker and Calonne could not gaine the cooperation of the clergy and nobility. |
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Term
The gabelle was a tax on salt.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
The Estates General was called:
A) to divide the nobility into two groups in order to reduce its power.
B) to decide whether new taxes on the nobility should be instated.
C) to restrict the power of the monarch.
D) to decide about further support of American revolutionary efforts. |
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Definition
B) to decide whether new taxes on the nobility should be instated.
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Term
The First, Second and Third Estates represented which groups of society respectively?
A) clergy, commoners, nobility.
B) commoners, clergy, nobility.
C) clergy, nobility, commoners.
D) nobility, commoners, clergy. |
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Definition
C) clergy, nobility, commoners.
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Term
The famous "Tennis Court Oath" was taken:
A) after the Third Estate left the Estates-General.
B) by the First Estate in response to the formation of the National Assembly.
C) by the Second Estate in order to quell the rioting in Paris.
D) in order to call for the king's abdication. |
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Definition
A) after the Third Estate left the Estates-General.
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Term
| On July 14th, somewhat more than 800 people marched to the ____ in search of weapons for the militia. |
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Definition
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Term
The "Great Fear" refers to:
A) peasant disturbances that destroyed aristocratic property.
B) a political uprising by sans-culottes that resulted in hundreds of executions.
C) the reactionary policy of the church regarding Deism.
D) an aristocratic reaction to the storming of the Bastille. |
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Definition
A) peasant disturbances that destroyed aristocratic property.
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Term
Most of the members of the National Constituent Assembly wished to create:
A) a classical democracy.
B) a constitutional monarchy.
C) a democracy with communal property.
D) a republic. |
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Definition
B) a constitutional monarchy.
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Term
The National Constituent Assembly pursued policies of:
A) constitutional monarchy in government, rationalism in administration, unregulated freedom in economics, and pro-clericalism in religion.
B) constitutional anarchy in government, rationalism in administration, unregulated freedom in economics, and anticlericalism in religion.
C) constitutional monarchy in government, rationalism in administration, regulated freedom in economics, and anticlericalism in religion.
D) constitutional monarchy in government, rationalism |
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Definition
| B) constitutional anarchy in government, rationalism in administration, unregulated freedom in economics, and a |
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Term
| 19th-century liberals across _____ followed the model of the National Constituent Assembly in protecting property, limiting the power of those with little or no property, and supporting civic equality while rejecting social equality and extensive democracy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Olympe de Gouges wrote a "____". |
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Definition
| Declaration of the Rights of Women. |
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Term
| The Assembly established the ____ system to standardize weights and measures. |
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Definition
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Term
King Louis XVI supported the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, since it reduced the power of a social group that tended to oppose his policies.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
The king approved the measure, but very reluctantly. |
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Term
| The ____ Assembly lasted only from 1791 to 1792. |
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Definition
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Term
| The political group known as the ____ had been the most advance political group in the National Constituent Assembly and had pressed for a republic rather than a constitutional monarchy. |
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Definition
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Term
The war against Austria declared in 1792:
A) united the aristocracy against the forces of revolution.
B) disrupted the revolution and allows nobles emigres to return to France.
C) resulted in British involvement in French domestic politics.
D) radicalized the masses and led to a second revolution. |
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Definition
| D) radicalized the masses and led to a second revolution. |
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Term
In September 1792, the French army won an important battle against the Austrians at Valmy.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| A second revolution overthrew the constitutional monarchy and established a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
The French Revolution had been widely opposed throughout Europe from the beginning.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Many Europeans saw it, at first, as a good way to reform a corrupt and inefficient government. |
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Term
| Reflections on the Revolution in French by Edmund ____ became a handbook for European conservatives for decades. |
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Definition
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Term
William Pitt the Younger used the French Revolution to further his reform agenda in Great Britain.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Pitt turned against reform. |
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Term
France occupied the Austrian Netherlands.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
The Reign of Terror was a worsening of the Great Fear.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
They were totally separate events. |
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Term
| During the crucial months of late 1793 and early 1794, the person who emerged as the chief figure on the Committee of Public Safety was _____, one of the major figures behind the Reign of Terror. |
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Definition
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Term
The Society of Revolutionary Republican Women:
A) were among the first groups to be suppressed by the Terror.
B) were radical supporters of the revolution.
C) Neither of these.
D) Both of these. |
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Definition
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Term
In November 1793, the Cathedral of Notre Dame became the headquarters of the Jacobin party.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
It became a secular Temple of Reason. |
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Term
The government of the Directory was primarily supported by:
A) the sans-culottes.
B) Napolean Bonaparte.
C) the Catholic Church.
D) the military. |
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Definition
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Term
Legislation under the Directory left women with somewhat less freedom than they had enjoyed before 1789.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| The general in charge of suppressing royalist insurrections in Paris in October 1795 was ____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Government bonds based on the value of confiscated church lands issued during the early French Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning "lists of grievances." Petitions for the reforms submitted to the French crown when the Estates General met in 1789. |
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Term
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Definition
| French radical legislative body from 1792 to 1794. |
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Term
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Definition
| French aristocrats who fled France during the Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The French revolutionary conscription (1792) of all males into the army and the harnessing of the economy for war production. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period between the summer of 1793 and the end of July 1794 when the French revolutionary state used extensive executions and violence to defend the Revolution and suppress its alleged internal enemies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning "without knee breeches". The lower-middle classes and artisans of Paris during the French Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution that began in July 1794. Associated with the end of terror and establishment of the Directory. |
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Term
Robespierre replaced worship of "Reason" with the "Cult of the Supreme Being".
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is NOT true of The Comittee of Public Safety?
A) They enjoyed almost dictatorial power.
B) They carried out executive duties of the government.
C) They saw their task as saving the revolution from mortal enemies.
D) They were elected directly by the people. |
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Definition
| D) They were elected directly by the people. |
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Term
France was the only European monarchy to suffer financial problems during this period.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Many monarchies had difficulties paying off their debts from the Seven Years' War. |
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Term
| The parlements were dominated by the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
The Assembly decided to finance their debt by confiscating and then selling the land and property of emigres.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
The Assembly sold the land and property of the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Term
| On June 17, 1789, the Third Estate became the National ______. |
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Definition
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Term
Jacobins:
A) All of these answers.
B) cooperated with the sans-culottes.
C) hated the aristocracy.
D) favored an unregulated economy. |
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Definition
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Term
| On July 15, the militia of Paris, by then called the National _____, offered its command to the Marquis de Lafayette. |
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Definition
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Term
"The Declaration of the Rights of Man" is often considered the document that put an end to the old regime in France.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Poland was divided between:
A) France and Prussia.
B) Prussia, England, and Germany.
C) Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
D) France and Russia. |
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Definition
C) Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
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Term
| The executions of former terrorists during the French Revolution marked the beginning of "the _____ terror." |
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Definition
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Term
Out of France's population of approximately 25 million people, only around 50,000 qualified as electors or members of the Legislative Assembly.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Robespierre supported what type of government.
A) constitutional monarchy.
B) dictatorship.
C) communist government.
D) republic. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ were bonds issues against revenue to be generated by selling off land and property confiscated from the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Definition
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Term
The Convention adopted a new calendar with names associated with the seasons and climate.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Necker's Report:
A) solved France's financial problems.
B) revealed that a large portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for aristocrats and other court favorites.
C) satisfied the aristocracy.
D) recommended raising taxes on the Church. |
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Definition
B) revealed that a large portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for aristocrats and other court favorites.
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Term
| The clergy were the ___ estate. |
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Definition
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Term
The Girondists were a faction of the san-culottes within the Legislative Assembly.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
The Girondists were a faction of the Jacobins. |
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Term
August 4, 1789 is known for:
A) The Tennis Court oath.
B) The fall of the Bastille.
C) The execution of Louis XVI.
D) The application of equal law to all French citizens. |
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Definition
| D) The application of equal law to all French citizens. |
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Term
Women petitioned the Legislative Assembly for the right to fight in a formal capacity in defense of the revolution.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Government-sponsored mob action in Birmingham, England, drove the chemist and political thinker Joseph ____ into exile. |
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Definition
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Term
By April 1793, France was at war with:
A) Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland only.
B) Prussia, Great Britain, and Spain only.
C) Austria only.
D) Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, Holland, Sweden, and Russia only. |
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Definition
A) Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland only.
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Term
| Late in July, under radical working-class pressure, the government of Paris passed from the elected council to a committee, or ____, of representatives from the sections of the city. |
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Definition
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Term
Over 16,000 aristocrats, known as emigres, left France and settled in countries near the French border hoping to form a counterrevolution.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of the Convention and the Committees believed they were creating a "republic of _____." |
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Definition
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Term
The French Revolution had each of the following effects EXCEPT:
A) a new vocabulary of political rights and representation had been articulated.
B) a serious blow to the Catholic church.
C) people of lower birth holding wide influence in political and military affairs.
D) the effects of the Revolution were contained within France. |
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Definition
| D) the effects of the Revolution were contained within France. |
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Term
The Thermidorian Reaction did NOT include the:
A) establishment of the Directory.
B) executions of leaders of the Terror.
C) passage of effective reform legislation.
D) institution of a constitutional regime. |
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Definition
C) passage of effective reform legislation.
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Term
The Thermidorian Reaction was supported mainly by the middle class, at the expense of the sans-culottes.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| The body called to write a democratic constitution was known as the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
Robespierre's execution coincides with the end of the Reign of Terror.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
The main obstacle to solving France's financial problem was:
A) the extravagant lifestyle of Louis XIV
B) the unwillingness of the Third Estate to pay more
C) the fact that both the nobility and clergy were exempt from most taxes.
D) foreign wars.
E) a bad economy. |
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Definition
C) the fact that both the nobility and clergy were exempt from most taxes.
It was the tax exempt status of the nobility and the clergy that prevented the government from gaining access to the majority of wealth in the French economy and, therefore, from solving its financial problems.
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Term
The significance of the storming of the Bastille was that:
A) it put ammunition into the hands of the Paris crowd.
B) it marked the beginning of a radical phase of the revolution.
C) it freed important leaders from prison.
D) it demonstrated that the crowd could be an important ally for the Assembly.
E) it demonstrated that the crowd was tired of monarchy. |
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Definition
D) it demonstrated that the crowd could be an important ally for the Assembly.
The storming of the Bastille showed the members of the Assembly that the Parisian crowd could be used as a threat of further violence if its demands were not met.
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Term
The Great Fear of the summer of 1789:
A) politicized the urban workers of Paris.
B) Catalyzed a European coalition against the French revolution.
C) put greater pressure on the Assembly to enact more radical legislation.
D) strengthened the position of the nobility.
E) demonstrated the desperation of an overtaxed peasantry. |
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Definition
E) demonstrated the desperation of an overtaxed peasantry.
The Great Fear was a traditional peasant uprising; the peasants protested high bread prices and burned records of taxes that they could not pay. |
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Term
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy:
A) allied the clergy with the Assembly.
B) curbed the power of the clergy but alienated many Catholics.
C) brought the Assembly greater support among the Catholic population.
D) reaffirmed the central place of the Church in the French government.
E)made Catholicism illegal in France. |
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Definition
B) curbed the power of the clergy but alienated many Catholics.
The Civil Constitution on the Clergy required clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state, something that their faith prohibited them from doing. The action alienated many French Catholics, who sided with their priests over the National Assembly.
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Term
All of the following precipitated the radical turn of the revolution EXCEPT:
A) the rise of the sans-culottes.
B) the flight of the king.
C) the division of the Assembly into factions.
D) the execution of the king.
E) the outbreak of war with Austria and Prussia. |
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Definition
D) the execution of the king.
The execution of the king was an effect of the radicalization, not a precipitant or cause.
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Term
The Reign of Terror:
A) was necessary, according to Robespierre, to establish a democratic republic.
B) was opposed by the Parisian crowd.
C) was aimed only at the nobility.
D) was anticlerical
E) was worst in the countryside. |
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Definition
A) was necessary, according to Robespierre, to establish a democratic republic.
Robsepierre justified the terror by arguing that a virtuous, democratic republic could only be established and flourish once the tyrannical enemies of the revolution could be eliminated.
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Term
In Thermidor:
A) the nobility reasserted its power.
B) France defeated by the European coalition.
C) the French monarchy was restored.
D) the sans-culottes chose to govern France directly.
E) the moderate portion of the propertied bourgeoisie reasserted its power. |
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Definition
E) the moderate portion of the propertied bourgeoisie reasserted its power.
In Thermidor, burgeois moderates reasserted their power after the great leaders of the radical phase had been consumed by their own terror tribunals. |
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Term
The Directory turned to the military because:
A) it lost the support of the sans-culottes.
B) it lost the support of the nobility.
C) it was threatened by both Jacobin and Royalist opposition.
D) It feared it would lose the next election.
E) it was overthrown by a general. |
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Definition
C) it was threatened by both Jacobin and Royalist opposition.
The Directory, being a government of bourgeois moderates, turned to the military to protect it from threats posed by both the more radical Jacobins and the more conservative Royalists.
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