Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that:

A) men are created equal.

B) men tend to follow their own self-interest.

C) the natural state of men is one of war.

D) a government's power comes from the people.

E) men are often ruled by their passions.

Locke argued that the primary aim of government is:

A) to guarantee peace by putting the fear of death into its subjects

B) to follow and enact the general will of the people.

C) the provide and protect democracy.

D) to assure the right to property.

E) to institute a constitutional monarchy.

Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes?

A) They used their positions as university professors to influence society.

B) They aimed to educate the public.

C) Their ultimate goal was a society governed by reason.

D) They wrote in many different genres.

E) They were often guests of and corespondents with the women who hosted salons.

The economic policy known as Laissez-faire:

A) advocates protectionist tariffs.

B) is based on the notion that everyone has a right to do anything they want.

C) is based on the notion that human self-interest produces natural laws that govern economic behavior.

D) argues that the government should act as an "invisible hand" to regulate the economy.

E) was instituted by enlightened despots.

The religious belief of the majority of the philosophes was:

A) Catholicism.

B) Lutheranism.

C) Calivinism.

D) Deism.

E) Atheism.

The style of Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was:

A) The philosophical treatise.

B) The satire.

C) The play.

D) The pamphlet.

E) The novel.

Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of 18th-century Europe?

A) Locke's notion that humans are born tabula risa.

B) Hobbes notion that human nature requires a ruler with absolute power.

C) Beccaria's notion that the goal of a legal system should be the rehabilitation and reintegration of the criminal to society.

D) The concept of religious toleration.

E) Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people.

Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought?

A) Humans are born essentially good and virtuous but are easily corrupted by society.

B) The early years of a child's education should be spend developing the senses, sensibilities, and sentiments.

C) "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains."

D) The virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community.

Enlightenment thinkers particularly admired Great Britain because of:

A) the achievements under royal absolutism.

B) the literary genius of Shakespeare and Milton.

C) the organization of the Anglican church.

D) its stability and religious toleration.

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about the philosophes?

A) They were not well-organized, and disagreed on many points.

B) They used the printed word as their major tool.

C) They held a common desire for reform of society, government, and thought.

D) They were most often men from the upper classes of society.

Although they disagreed on many issues, a fundamental principle shared by all Enlightenment thinkers was:

A) a support for reforming society.

B) a support for mercantilism.

C) that absolute monarchy was the best form of government.

D) that a return to tradition was the best path for society.

A) a support for reforming society.

Most Enlightenment thinkers believed that religion should be:

A) acknowledged as the source of truth.

B) abolished.

C) transformed through reason into rational worship of God and nature.

D) a combination of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

C) transformed through reason into rational worship of God and nature.

The slogan "Crush the Infamous Thing" refers to:

A) Voltaire's attitude toward the Catholic Church.

B) Catherine the Great's attitude toward Poland.

C) Montesquieu's attitude toward the French monarchy.

D) Spinoza's attitude towards Judaism.

A) Voltaire's attitude toward the Catholic Church.

For the Scottish thinker David Hume, the greatest miracle of all was the belief in miracles.

True and False?

Most Muslims in Europe encouraged the spread of Enlightenment ideas to the Ottoman Empire.

True or False?

False.

There was little intellectual exchange between the Ottoman Empire and Europe at this time.

Religion was the central interest of the philosophes, with human society a distant second.

True or False?

Cesare Becarria advocated the death penalty as the rational punishment for certain crimes.

True or False?

False.

Becarria argued against both torture and capital punishment.

Adam Smith's philosophy of economics basically advocated all EXCEPT:

A) free trade.

B) that the government should never undertake commercial ventures.

C) exploitation of the earth's physical resources.

D) free pursuit of economic self-interest.

B) that the government should never undertake commercial ventures.

Philosophes in France were more discontented with the political system in France than philosophes in other countries were about their own countries.

True or False?

One of Montesquieu's most influential ideas were:

A) diplomatic immunity.

B) the division of power with any government.

C) efficient and popular absolutism.

D) a workable solution to Church and state disunity.

B) the division of power with any government.

The concept that under certain circumstances, some people must be forced to be free is associated with the thinking of Montesquieu.

True or False?

False.

Montesquieu valued individual liberty; Rousseau accepted the use of force.

Montesquieu's analysis of the separation of powers within the British constitutional system accepted patronage and corruption as unavoidable.

True or False?

False.

Montesquieu failed to see how much the British relied on such methods to allow a small elite to dominate the government.

Louis XV's mistress played a key role in the publication of the Encyclopedia.

True or False?

In the Encyclopedia:

A) most articles about women focused on the activities of lower class and working-class women.

B) most authors advocated greater social and political freedoms for women.

C) motherhood was presented as women's most important occupation.

D) many articles emphasized women's strength, as shown in the difficult they overcame to bear children.

C) motherhood was presented as women's most important occupation.

Mary Wollstonecraft argued that it was in a woman's best interest to resist limitations placed on her by men.

True or False?

The "enlightened absolutism" of the rulers of the 18th century can best be described as:

A) camouflage for the political destruction of local nobles.

B) a truly benign rule based upon justice and security.

C) neither genuinely enlightened nor truly absolute.

D) dependent on training provided by philosophes.

C) neither genuinely enlightened nor truly absolute.

Frederick the Great radically reformed Prussia's tax structure, so that peasants paid far less than the nobility.

True or False?

False.

The peasants and townspeople continued to pay disproportionately high taxes.

During the second half of the 18th century, Belgium disappeared from the map of Europe.

True or False?

False.

Belgium did not yet exist; Poland was eliminated from the map of Europe.

The Encyclopedia advocated reform for the condition of women.

True or False?

False.

It included few articles by women and, in general, offered no guidelines for reform.

Isaac Newton encouraged Europeans to:

A) study nature directly.

B) support the Catholic Church.

C) stop trying to find rationality in human culture.

D) none of these answers.

A) study nature directly.

Rousseau was a staunch critic of the emerging materialist society.

True or False?

Religious leaders were the largest portion of the readership of the philosophes' writing.

True or False?

The majority of philosophes were:

A) artisans.

B) university professors.

C) monarchs.

D) free agents.

Voltaire lived in France and Switzerland throughout his life.

True or False?

False.

Voltaire wrote favorable about his time in England.

Mary Wollstonecraft:

A) believed education was necessary for women to develop moral and intellectual identities.

B) died during childbirth.

C) argued women should be confined to their own sphere.

D) all of the above.

A) believed education was necessary for women to develop moral and intellectual identities.

Protestantism and Catholicism taught that meaningful improvement in human nature on earth was impossible.

True or False?

Montesquieu believed:

A) France should abolish the monarchy.

B) the form of government best suited for a country depended on its character.

C) the American Revolution was justified.

D) the British system of government was the most desirable.

B) the form of government best suited for a country depended on its character.

Beccaria supported the utilitarian idea that the purpose of laws was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings.

True or False?

For the most part, Europeans considered Islam incorrect and Muslims inferior.

True or False?

The most progressive European nation at the dawn of the Enlightenment was ____.

A) France

B) Spain

C) England

D) Prussia

C) England

Voltaire believed that human condition would continue to improve.

True or False?

False.

Voltaire was never certain that reform, if achieved, would be permanent. 

Critics of European empires fixated upon:

A) the inability to recognize the uniqueness of every culture.

B) the failure to preserve the cultures that Europeans had encountered overseas.

C) the implicit assumption of conquerors that their culture was superior.

D) all of these answers.

Montesquieu believed women were not naturally inferior to men.

True or False?

Rousseau was popular with women of his time.

True or False?

A style characterized by lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and play of light was known as _____.

A) baroque

B) rococo

C) mannerism

D) neoclassicism

One of the reasons Enlightened absolutist monarchs supported change and innovation was their desire for increased government revenue.

True or False?