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| Having the earth as the center. |
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| the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers. |
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| The world was infused with a single spirit that could be explored through mathematics as well as through magic. |
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| Developed by Renaissance humanists. Locates reality in a changeless world of spirit, or forms, rather than in the physical world we experience. Mathematics described the essential nature and the soul of the cosmos, a soul that was God itself. |
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| Having the sun in the center. |
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1. Planetary orbits take the form of an ellipse, with the Sun as one of their foci.
2. A planet's velocity varies according to its distance from the Sun.
3. The squares of an orbital period of a planet are in the same ratio as the cubes of their average distance from the Sun. |
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Definition
Published in 1610 by Galileo. It includes his discoveries that promote the Copernican theory and question the Aristotelian model.
- The existence of countless stars previously unseen, suggesting that there was much about the cosmos that was not known
- the rugged, crater-filled surface of the moon, suggesting that it was not created of perfect celestial matter
- four moons orbiting the planet Jupiter, suggesting that it would not be so strange for the Earth to have a moon as well |
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| Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World |
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| Galileo, 1632. It dismantled the arguments in favor of the Aristotelian view of the cosmos, and presented the Copernican system as the only alternative for reasonable people. |
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| By Rene Descartes. 1637. He says that all "received knowledge" amounted to nothing more than "opinion". But rather than proceed from observation, Descartes extended his skepticism to senses, which he asserted could easily be fooled; instead, he sought the "clear and distinct idea". He said "I think, therefore I am." |
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| Written by Isaac Newtons in 1687 and provides correct calculations for planetary motions, along with "definitions" and "laws of motion" that demonstrated how mathematical philosophy was to be done. |
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Medieval Christian scholars advocated the Aristotelian view of the cosmos:
A) Because Aristotle was Christian.
B) because Aristotle was praised in the Bible.
C) because there was an intellectual fit between the Aristotelian view and the Christian theology.
D) because they were unaware of the works of other Ancient Greek philosophers.
E) because the pope ordered it. |
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Definition
C) because there was an intellectual fit between the Aristotelian view and the Christian theology.
The Christian notion that the world was created for mankind, and that the realm of God in heave was perfect, fit well with Aristotle's Earth-centered cosmos where the world of corrupt matter was separated from the realm of perfection by the moon.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Church was alarmed by Copernicus's suggestion that the cosmos was heliocentric?
A) It destroyed the theological coherence of the cosmos.
B) Copernicus was a Protestant.
C) It questions the authority of the Aristotelian tradition on which scholasticism relied.
D) It required the Church to admit it had been in error.
E) It contradicted the physical principles that served as the foundation of physics. |
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Definition
B) Copernicus was a Protestant.
Copernicus was not a Protestant but an ordained clergyman in the Catholic Church.
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The 17-century astronomer who first suggested that the planets orbits were elliptical rather than circular was:
A) Copernicus
B) Galileo
C) Kepler
D) Aristotle
E) Newton |
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The event that finally caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition was:
A) his invention of the telescope
B) the publication of The Starry Messenger
C) his meeting with the pope in 1623
D) the publication of the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
E) the publication of the Principia Mathematica |
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Definition
D) the publication of the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
The Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World openly mocked the Aristotelian view of the cosmos and its defenders, and which was published in the vernacular that many common people could read, that caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition and force him to recant.
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Which of the following was argued by Descartes in his Discourse on Method?
A) All true knowledge is based on observation.
B) All matter is made up of five elements.
C) Nature and scripture could never disagree.
D) Telescopic observations should be the basis of knowledge of the heavens.
E) The only true statements are those one cannot possibly doubt. |
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Definition
E) The only true statements are those one cannot possibly doubt.
Descartes argued that all knowledge should proceed from a "clear and distinct idea," that is, one that could not be doubted. |
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Which of the following is the best example of Descartes' deductive method reasoning?
A) A telescope reveals craters and mountains on the moon, therefore, matter in the celestial realm cannot be perfect.
B) The orbits of the planets can be calculated using calculus.
C) "I think, therefore I am."
D) True reality exists in the world of pure forms.
E) "Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the product of their masses." |
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Definition
C) "I think, therefore I am."
Descartes's method of deductive reasoning begins with a proposition that cannot be doubted and then draws a logical conclusion. "I think, therefore I am." is Descartes' most famous formulation of the method.
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Isaac Newton is best described as working in:
A) The Platonic-Pythagorean tradition.
B) The Aristotelian tradition.
C) The scholastic tradition.
D) The cartesian tradition.
E) The hermetic tradition. |
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Definition
A) The Platonic-Pythagorean tradition.
He is best described as working in the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition because he pursued and achieved its goal of identifying the fundamental mathematical laws of nature.
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Which of the following is NOT contained in Kepler's laws of motion?
A) Planet's velocities vary according to their distances from the Sun, sweeping out equal areas in equal times.
B) The planets orbit the Sun because they are caught in swirling vortices of matter.
C) Planetary orbits take the form of an eclipse.
D) The Sun serves as one foci of the orbit of the plants.
E) The squares of the orbital period of a planet are in the same ratio as the cubes of their average distance from the Sun. |
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Definition
C) Planetary orbits take the form of an eclipse.
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| The belief that Earth is the center of the universe called ____. |
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Copernicus' main contribution to the Scientific Revolution was:
A) the suggestion that the orbits of planets were elliptical.
B) the discovery of the planet Saturn.
C) to propose a sun-centered universe, which encouraged others to reject the Ptolemaic system.
D) the use of the telescope to compile accurate astronomical data. |
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Definition
C) to propose a sun-centered universe, which encouraged others to reject the Ptolemaic system.
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Tycho Brahe actually opposed Copernicus's theory about the solar system.
True or False? |
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Kepler's theories contradicted Tycho Brahe's observations.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Kepler relied on Brahe's data to develop his conclusions. |
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Galileo's life story proves that, for scientists, only the results matter; politics, personalities, and presentation have no impact on the progress of science.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
His biography proves the importance of these non-scientific factors. |
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| Principia Mathematica, the great work of _____, was published in 1687. |
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| All the important philosophers discussed in the text, in working to understand the significance of the new science, incorporated some form of the idea of ____ into their thinking. |
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Definition
Machanism.
Machinery.
All acceptable. |
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| ____ was a gifted mathematician who invented analytic geometry. |
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The existence of God was an important deduction for Descartes because:
A) proof of God necessarily proved the existence of all else.
B) without God humans could not think and reason.
C) he could then prove his own existence.
D) God guaranteed the correctness of clear and distinct ideas. |
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Definition
| D) God guaranteed the correctness of clear and distinct ideas. |
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In Thomas Hobbes's view, man is naturally:
A) a person, neither good nor evil.
B) essentially God-fearing.
C) a self-centered beast.
D) None of these. |
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Definition
C) a self-centered beast.
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John Locke believed that:
A) human knowledge was grounded in the experiences of the senses.
B) there could be innate ideas based on something other than experience.
C) rulers ought to be absolute in their power.
D) All of these. |
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Definition
A) human knowledge was grounded in the experiences of the senses.
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| In his Second Treatise of Government, ____ presented an extended argument for a government that most necessarily be both responsible for and responsive to the concerns of the governed. |
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Locke believed that human beings were capable of goodwill and rational behavior.
True or False? |
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Martin Luther advocated the advancement of learning.
True or False? |
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Medical faculties were usually receptive to the new science.
True or False? |
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| Members of the ____ of London, which was founded in 1660, believed they were following in Bacon's footsteps. |
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Participation in the activities of scientific societies was strictly limited to social elites.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
The societies depended on the skills and knowledge of craftspeople, sailors, and workers. |
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Although women were welcome in European universities, they were excluded from scientific societies.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
They were excluded from most universities, too. |
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| Queen Christina of ____ hired Descartes to create regulations for a new scientific society. |
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Definition
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Maria Winkelmann helped her husband, Gottfried Kirch, discover a comet in 1702.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
She's the one who discovered it! |
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Women in 17-century Europe were not interested in Science.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
When opportunities were available, they engaged in science enthusiastically. |
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Term
According to the text, the three main areas of potential conflict between science and religion were:
A) contradictions between experimental observation and scriptural description, the hostility of natural philosophers to the church, and materialism vs. spirituality. |
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| A) contradictions between experimental observation and scriptural description, the hostility of natural philosophers to the church, and materialism vs. spirituality. |
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Galileo was burned at the stake by the Inquisition.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
He died under house arrest in Florence. |
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| _____ made a famous wager with the skeptics: It is a better bet to have faith that god exists and learn that he does not, than to doubt god's existence and learn in the afterlife that he does. |
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| The religious thought associated with deducing religious conclusions from nature became known as ____. |
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| Between 1400 and 1700, courts sentenced an estimated 70,000 - 100,000 people to death for harmful magic and diabolical ____. |
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Definition
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| "_____ folk" helped villagers cope with calamities. |
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Local fertility cuts often developed satanic rituals.
True or False? |
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While villagers were often at the forefront of witch-hunts, learned society also contributed to the hunts.
True or False? |
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Ederly women, spinsters, and widows were most often the object of witchcraft accusations because:
A) they were vulnerable in society.
B) they were victims of misogyny.
C) they sometimes laid claim to magical powers.
D) All of these. |
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| Use of experiment and observation derived from sensory evidence to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge. |
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| The 18-century movement led by the philosophes that held that change and reform were both desirable through the application of reason and science. |
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| Thepre-Copernican explanation of the universe, with the earth at the center of the universe, originated in the ancient world. |
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| Scientific method in which generalizations are derived from data gained from empirical observations. |
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Baroque painters depicted their subjects in a thoroughly naturalistic, rather than an idealized, manner.
True or False? |
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Definition
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| Roughly 80 percent of the victims of witch-hunts were ____, most single and aged over 40. |
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Which of the following educational institutions did women have access to?
A) royal societies.
B) universities.
C) monasteries.
D) princely courts. |
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Mary Cavendish was the only woman in the 17th century to be allowed to visit a meeting of the Royal Society of London.
True or False? |
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Definition
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| The process that introduced systematic observation of nature, a mathematically rational conception of the world, and significant new theories in astronomy is commonly referred to as "The ____" |
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Who wrote Leviathan?
A) Thomas Hobbes
B) John Locke
C) Rene Descartes
D) Francis Bacon |
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Definition
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| Copernicus adopted many elements of the Ptolemaic model, but transferred them to a ____ model that assumed that the Earth moved about the sun in a circle. |
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For Bacon, the goal of science was human improvement.
True or False? |
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Definition
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Which of the following was NOT a reason for the decline of with-hunts?
A) Mind and matter came to be seen as two independent realities.
B) With advances in medicine, people had a greater sense of physical security.
C) Witches would accuse judges and leading townspeople.
D) The Church changed its stance on witch-hunts. |
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Definition
| D) The Church changed its stance on witch-hunts. |
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| Scientific ___ occurs when scientists draw and test hypotheses against empirical observations. |
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Definition
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Term
Locke declared that if the ruler break a contract with the people then the people have the right to replace that ruler.
True or False? |
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Definition
True.
Locke makes this argument in his Second Treatise of Government. |
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| The most famous baroque painter was Michelangelo ____. |
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Which thinker championed deductive reasoning as the way to comprehend the world?
A) Descartes
B) Bacon
C) Galileo
D) Newton |
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John Ray argued in The Wisdom of God Manifested in His Works of Creation that:
A) human beings were meant to improve the world as part of God's pain.
B) the earth was at the center of the universe.
C) the earth was not the center of the universe.
D) religion and reason should not mix. |
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Definition
A) human beings were meant to improve the world as part of God's pain.
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| People who would sell their ideas, often improbable, to the highest bidder were known as _____. |
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Baroque art is often associated with Roman Catholicism.
True or False? |
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Definition
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The new science and its associated philosophy:
A) were embraced by the Catholic church.
B) opposed Scholasticism and Aristotelianism.
C) was generally based in, and supportive of, universities.
D) were based in ancient texts. |
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Definition
B) opposed Scholasticism and Aristotelianism.
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Francis Bacon is the founder of modern physics.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Isaac Newton is the founder of modern physics. |
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Because of the reluctance of universities to rapidly assimilate the new science, its pioneers established what have been termed "institutions of _____" that allowed information and ideas associated with the new science to be gathered, exchanged, and debated.
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Empiricism rejects experimentation as a scientific tool.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Empiricism draws conclusions based on experimentation. |
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Term
Which types of women were most likely to participate in scientific activities?
A) nuns and villagers.
B) noblewomen and female artisans.
C) French and German.
D) English and Spanish. |
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Definition
B) noblewomen and female artisans.
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Brahe developed the first astronomical model that actually portrayed planetary motion.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
Kepler, his student, developed this model. |
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| Emilie du Chatelet helped _____ write a French popularized of Newton's science, because she knew more about math than he did. |
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Thomas Hobbes supported absolute government as a means to ensure the security of the population.
True or False? |
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Definition
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| The condemnation of ____ by Roman Catholic authorities in 1633 is the single most famous incident of conflict between modern science and religious institutions. |
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Definition
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Francis Bacon believed that the two books of divine revelation were:
A) the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible.
B) nature and nature's works.
C) the Bible and nature.
D) the Old Testament and the New Testament. |
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Definition
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| Art historians use the term ____ to denote the style associated with 17th-century painting, sculpture, and architecture. |
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Term
In the late 13th century, the church categorically condemned magic.
True or False? |
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Definition
False.
The church declared that only its priests possessed legitimate magical power. |
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| The 18th-century movement known as the _____ built upon the knowledge of groups associated with the new science. |
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Which of the following was NOT a belief of Pascal?
A) Belief in God improved life psychologically and disciplined it morally.
B) a loving God exists.
C) Human beings, because they are corrupt by nature, are utterly unworthy of God.
D) Reason is an all-powerful force. |
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Definition
| D) Reason is an all-powerful force. |
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