- invented by Guttenburg

A. cause of Humanism

    1. brought more communication

        a. new ideas need to had to supplant old ideas - had a way to accurately record these ideas

B. effect of Humanism

    2. need for printed manuscripts

        a. Humanists want to study classics - need accurate texts - too much for exhausted scribes and booksellers

A. Law

    1. compilations of law could be more widely distributed and more uniformly enforced 

B. Science

    1. popularized discoveries

    2. more accurate charts and maps - facilitated further discovery

C. Language

    1. standardized language by frequent repetition of preferred usage and spelling

D. Religious Reform

    1. created an international intellectual community - ideas could be spread all over the continent

    2. enhanced the value of ideas and thinking - very important to the reform of religion

- used methods of the Italian Renaissance and applied them to learnings/teachings of the Church

- now they trained many who weren't necessarily destined for Church careers

- literacy served the needs of the state, aristocracy, and merchant classes too

A. memorization - nothing new

B. conservative

C. corporate ID - everyone is part of a group

D. religious texts

(as opposed to: Humanism: 1. critical thinking valued, 2. creativity, 3. individual ID - known for yourself, part of different things, 4. secular/classical texts)

A. wrote "In Praise of Folly"

B. achievements

    1. worked on Latin bible translations

    2. learned ancient Greek and the writings of Saint Jerome        a. prepared an edition of the Greek text of the bible - was an immediate success

C. ultimate goal

    1. wanted to get people to back to the sources and read it themselves

       a. not rely on the Church - it lost its capacity to inspire ppl

A. supported New Humanism

  - gave monarchs more power, since Church's control lessened

A. wrote "Utopia"

B. religious maryrdom

- rich appointments were given to the kinsman of powerful Church leaders rather than to those most qualified

- individual clergyman accumulated numerous positions whose responsibilities they couldn't fulfill

- priests who took this vow lived openly with their concubines

- people could just buy their way out of repentance and confession

- this way they already have a surplus of merits from their forefathers so no more has to be done by them

A. barred Tetzel's Sale of Indulgences in Saxony

    - they rivaled his own collection of relics

A. you can't buy forgiveness

    1. have to repent yourself, for real

B. subversiveness against the Church

    1. called into question many things about Roman Catholic Church

        ex) emphasis on primacy of works...

    2. document stated only faith will redeem you - no the pope or the church hierarchy - you can do it all by yourself - puts the Church out of business

A. Background

    1. German theologian

B. Theology

    1. "95 Theses"

       a. cannot buy forgiveness, must repent

           - despised the hypocrisy

              a. ppl looked like they're righteous - really not

           - disliked German [indulgence] money going to Rome

C. avoided capture

    1. attracted powerful supporters

        a. Frederick the Wise of Saxony

    2. Charles V couldn't afford to start up with Luther's German supporters

        a. needed their military support

    3. Pope Leo X = too weak to send anyone after Luther

A. Faith alone will redeem

    1. believe in G-d & then you'll freely be given righteousness

(similar to Justification through faith alone)

*only faith*

- need only faith to be good Christians

- Bible requires no interpreting outside of itself

- only inspired and authoritative word of G-d

- only source of Christian doctrine

- accessible to all

A. factors that prepared the ground for him

    1. Renaissance

        a. printing press - spread ideas, especially in cities

        b. openness to accept new ideas - creativity of the time

    2. growth of towns

        a. Luther hoped for a spiritual elite - German towns already made themselves into a social and economic elite

        b. Luther's students could spread ideas in cities - get others to join

        c. priests could be citizens & marry leading daughters           d. towns = hotbed of German nationalism - resented Italian and papal control

    3. formation of states

        a. equality of all believers

            - everyone is spiritually equal - church & regular ppl

A. Reformation/Humanism

    1. Positive

       a. family life = center of spirituality - mother sets the town for household = important

       b. women were put on equal footing with men spiritually and intellectually

           - each person has to take care of their own faith

           - made schools for them to learn how to read

    2. Negative

        a. dissolution of convents - took away the one institution that valued women and allowed them spiritual life outside of marriage

        b. removal of female images from religion

        c. Protestantism = much more male - dominated

        d. emphasis on reading bible - reinforced image that women = weak and sinful

A. didn't accept it

    1. Rome is in Italy

        a. center of Catholicism - much harder to penetrate the very core of the religion where they were the most rooted and devout

    2. immoral papal acts didn't faze them

    3. nationalism

        a. Germans and everyone else were much quicker to accept it because they disliked having to answer to another country, but Italy didn't have that problem - was answering to itself

A. Background

    1. Swiss theologian

B. differed from Luther

    1. believed the Church just had to be reformed of its weaknesses - not that a whole new religion was needed

    2. Mass = reenactment of the Last Supper

    3. Christians should lead simple lives

    4. connection between Church and state - wanted reform for both (Luther completely disagreed with this)

A. First Generation

    1. struggled with Rome

    2. purpose = to tear down, protest - not to build

B. Second Generation

    1. draw out logic of reformed ideas to create an enduring structure

A. French/Swiss Theologian

B. Theology

    1. Pre-destination (select few who are saved = given indications of their status)

       a. conversion - mystical encounter with G-d

       b. material prosperity

           - gave rise to the Purtian/Protestant Ethic 

    2. social discipline

    3. opposite of Renaissance

C. Differences to Luther

    1. differed on the role of the state in church affairs 

        - each individual congregation elected its minister and governed its policies

    2. disagreed: Church should be subordinate to the state

        - should be a moral force in the affairs of secular govt

A. Justification

    1. Catherine wasn't producing an heir - sign for G-d = something is wrong with the marriage

    2. she was originally his brother's wife - Scripture doesn't condone this type of marriage

B. Pope's hesitancy to grant an annulment

    1. didn't want to anger Emperor Charles V - he was Catherine's nephew and sided with her against a divorce

    2. avoided making a decision

A. Factors

    1. England's bad relationship with Rome

    2. Humanist ideas flourished in England

B. Effects

    1. helped the crown

        a. gave more power - Henry VIII = Supreme Head of Church of England

            1. Irony - Henry originally worked against Reformation

                a. received title "Defender of the Faith"

                b. condemned/wrote a book against Luther

                c. paid off debts/dynasty rich again - confiscated all Church lands

- Protestants that Queen Mary exiled from England when she came to power

- they learned more and more about the faith during their exile and returned with a vengeance after her death

- brought about the 2nd Reformation

- summary of the beliefs of the Church of England

- continued the English tradition of compromising points of disputed doctrine and of maintaining traditional practices wherever possible

1. adults should be baptized, not infants

    - baptism = one principle both Catholics and Protestants agreed with and believed fiercely

    - persecuted harshly for this belief

A. Contributing factors

   1. disgust with Church abuses

   2. Protestantism - caused them to rethink their beliefs/tenets

   3. need for more missionaries to convert ppl in the colonies - more emphasis on preaching and education

B. relationship with Christian Humanists

   1. these Humanists evolved out of the C-R

A. "The Imitation of Christ"

     - one of the most influential works of later Middle Ages

A. organized Polygot Bible

B. reorganized Spanish religious life in the 15th century

    1. made a program that took the sting out of Protestant attacks on clerical abuse

        - Protestantism never really rooted itself in Spain

1. made regular visits to all of his diocese's parishes

2. used his own frugal life as an exp. to enforce vows, residency, and pastoral duties of the clergy

3. established printing press

    - turned out central works of Roman Catholicism

A. convents

B. young unmarried girls remained with their families but lived chaste lives devoted to the instruction of other women

*holy order organized in a military fashion that swore to suppress Protestantism* - *Society of Jesus*

A. founded by Ignatius Loyola

B. served as advisors to Catholic kings

C. suppressed heresy through the Inquisition

D. established schools/colleges = very important

    - to indoctrinate youth

E. became the militant arm of the Catholic and Counter-Reformation

*the aggressive Catholic response to Protestantism meant to repel and stop it*

A. Protestantism

    1. was against it but couldn't control it

        a. needed support - couldn't afford to suppress and alienate Protestant supporters

        b. didn't have the resources

B. Church reforms/Counter Reformation

    1. supported it

        a. if the state becomes more Protestant he loses power             - had a rivalry with Francis I so if he supports C-R, Francis will oppose it and support the Reformation

(1545-1563)

A. failed to enact any REAL reforms

    1. most of the delegates were on the papal side - no fair compromise could be reached

B. ended up causing the future Catholic/Protestant wars

    1. here the Protestant views were completely repudiated

    2. all efforts at compromise were rejected

    3. redefinition of traditional Roman Catholicism drew the lines clearly and ended years of confusion BUT now differences can only be settle by sword

(1555) - established that whatever religion the monarch is, his people are that religion too (could be Catholic or Protestant)

1. not an appendage to Italian art

2. still had strong Italian influence

3. developed in Flanders

    - very detailed, like photographed

    - tendency towards realism/nationalism

    - landscapes, domestic interiors

    - emphasis on middle class/peasant life 

Diet of Worms

(1521)

- Luther was called to the Rhinelands to appear before them

- Luther refused to recant his theology

- was outlawed by the empire

- Luther fled and found safety in Wittenberg with Frederick the Wise, where he organized his reformed Church and translated the Bible into the vernacular 

Diet of Speyer

(1529)

- refused to recognize the right of the German princes to determine the religion of their subjects

League of Schmalkalden

- (1531) formed by newly Protestant princes to defend themselves against the emperor 

- caused Charles V to appeal to the Pope to call a church council to make a compromise with the Lutherans and regain their allegiance to the Catholic Church

    - Pope refused because he was scared of the papacy losing power = lost all opportunity to reunite Western Christendom

Franz von Sickengen

- lead a league of Lutheran knights 

     a. attacked the Catholic princes of the Rhineland

     b. was suppressed

     c. encouraged most North German Princes to convert to Lutheranism 

Peace of Cappel

(1531)

- allowed each Swiss canton to determine its own religion

Pope Paul III

- assumed office as the first of the reformed popes

Act of Supremacy

- English law passed by Parliament which made Henry VIII and his successors the heads of the Anglican Church and its clergy

Statute of the Six Articles

- seven sacraments were upheld

- Catholic theology was maintained against tenets of Lutheranism/Calvinism

- authority of the monarch replaced authority of Pope

- helped define the Anglican Church through modern times

Presbyterians

- Scottish Calvinists

- established a national church in 1541

- French Calvinists 

- made dramatic gains but were brutally suppressed by French Catholic majority in 1541

Puritans/Pilgrims

- English Calvnists

- separatist minority

- failed in their revolution in the 1600s 

- established a colony in New England

- established the Jesuits 

- institued in Catholic ountires 

- to keep heretical reading material out of the hands of the faithful

Reforms that the Council of Trent DID enact

1. corrected many Church abuses - including the Sale of Indulgences

2. made rules for regulating better parish priests

3. stressed obligation of priests and bishops to preach

4. emphasized pastoral function of the clergy

- Pronouncements

  1. Salvation = by good works and faith

  2. seven sacraments = valid, transubstantiation = reaffirmed

  3. sources of religious authority = Bible, traditions of the Church, writings of the Church Fathers

     - individuals cannot interpret the Bible w/o Church guidance

     - only valid version of Bible = Vulgate, St. Jerome's Latin translatio

1. Northern Europe adopted Protestantism

2. unity of Western Christianity was shattered

3. Religious wars broke out in Europe for more than a century

4. Protestant spirit of individualism = encouraged democracy, science, and capitalism

5. Protestantism justified nationalism by making the church subordinate to the state in all but theological matters 

- G-d knows before birth whether a person will be saved or damned so there is nothing anyone can do to change their fate

- The Elect or Saints are the select few who are saved only by G-d's love, and these select few are given indications of their status 

   a. conversion - mystical encounter with G-d

   b. material prosperity

       - this gave rise to the Protestant/Puritan Ethic

          a. incentive to avoid poverty (as a sign of damnation)

          b. served to justify the rise of capitalism

long-term causes of Protestant Reformation

1. declining prestige of the papacy

2. mysticism (German)

    - emphasized individual communion with G-d

3. the humanist accusation that the Church was losing the substance of Christianity's message

4. corruption of the Roman Catholic Church during the Renaissance

reasons for rapid spread of Lutheranism

1. conversion of the princes of Northern Germany

    - led to the conversion of their populations

2. Charles V's involvement in foreign wars

    - he needed support from Luther's supporters 

3. failure of the Pope to call a church council

4. popular resentment in Germany against Rome 

goals of the Catholic/Counter Reformation

1. the reform of the abuses within the ROman Catholic Church

2. confirmation of the Church's basic dogma

3. the stemming of the spread of Protestantism

4. suppression of heresy

- the French Huguenots and Catholics engaged in battle on Saint Bartholomew's Day