The Protestant Reformation challenged loyalty to traditional religious authority.

True or False?

The Reformation started in France and England.

True or False?

False.

It began in Germany and Switzerland.

Many peasants supported the Reformation because it appeared to promise:

A) financial gain.

B) independent ownership of land.

C) political liberation and social betterment.

D) an end to mandatory church attendance.

C) political liberation and social betterment.

According to Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone":

A) faith justifies whatever a person wants to do.

B) faith in Jesus can be enough for a person to achieve salvation.

C) no one should ever give money to a church.

D) people should worship individually.

B) faith in Jesus can be enough for a person to achieve salvation.

While hiding out in a secluded castle, Luther translated the New Testament into German.

True or False?

In the course of his reforms, Ulrich Zwingli rejected:

A) pilgrimages and clerical celibacy.

B) fasting and the worship of saints.

C) transubstantiation.

D) all of these answers.

All of Switzerland's cantons because Protestant.

True or False?

False.

After the second battle at Kappel, each canton was free to choose its own religion.

The Peace of Augsburg legally recognized:

A) Anabaptism.

B) Lutheranism.

C) Calvinism.

D) All of these answers.

B) Lutheranism.

William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English during the time of 1524 - 1525.

True or False?

Catherine of Aragon:

A) married her brother-in-law in 1509, after her husband, Arthur, died.

B) was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and the aunt of Emperor Charles V.

C) suffered repeated miscarriages and stillbirths in pregnancies with Henry VIII, and one surviving child, Mary.

D) all of these answers.

The _____ was made the standard prayer book of the Church of England.

A) Spiritual Exercises.

B) Act of Supremacy.

C) Bible.

D) Book of Common Prayer.

Unlike the previous great Church councils of the later Middle Ages, the Council of Trent was dominated by Italian clerics.

True or False?

Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin challenged the political structure at least as much as they challenged the Catholic Church.

True or False?

False.

They worked within existing political frameworks.

Between 1500 and 1800, men and women in western Europe and England married at earlier ages.

True or False?

False.

They were older.

Parents were generally involved in their children's marriage plans.

True or False?

In 16th and 17th century Spain:

A) rulers intertwined Catholic piety and political power.

B) honor and loyalty were important themes in Spanish literature.

C) literature was more Catholic and medieval than that of England and France.

D) All of these answers.

William Shakespeare was, by modern standards, a political conservative.

True or False?

Most historians think Shakespeare's portrayal of Richard III is accurate and unbiased.

True or False?

False.

Many think it is "Tudor propaganda."

The Protestant Reformation occurred at a time of sharpest conflict between:

A) emerging nation-states and the Church.

B) the secular and regular clergy.

C) self-governing towns and semi-autonomous local lords.

D) emerging nation-states and self-governing cities and towns.

The benefice system of the medieval church provided income for the local parish from Rome. 

True or False?

False.

Benefices were sold to gain revenue for the papacy, which did not directly benefit parishes.

Popes Julius II and Leo X used the sale of indulgences to help pay for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

True or False?

Luther vehemently opposed the sale of indulgences, because the felt that:

A) the right to use them was unfairly restrict to high-ranking Church officials at the expense of local clergy..

B) their high price unfairly barred the poor from taking advantage of them.

C) they portrayed salvation as something that could be bought and sold.

D) the Church diverted its proceeds to unworthy causes.

C) they portrayed salvation as something that could be bought and sold.

Luther support the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524 - 1525.

True or False?

False.

LUther strongly opposed the revolt.

John Calvin was exile from Geneva:

A) for his disregard for the established laws of the city.

B) for his unusually close ties with the Catholic Church.

C) because of suspicion that he wanted to create a "new papacy."

D) for alleged immortality.

C) because of suspicion that he wanted to create a "new papacy."

Charles V failed to stamp out Prostestantism within the Holy Roman Empire because:

A) he was an incompetent general and administrator.

B) he converted to Lutheranism himself.

C) the Reformation seemed too weak and unimportant to bother with.

D) he was distracted by foreign wars.

The Peace of Augsburg between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League established the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, meaning, in practice,:

A) Catholicism, the religion of Charles V, was to be reimposed over the entire Holy Roman Empire.

B) local religious disputes were to be referred to special joint councils of Catholics and Protestants for resolution.

C) local rulers would stay out of religious affairs.

D) the religion of each German locality would be determined by its ruler.

By the middle of the 16th century, Lutheranism had become the state religion of Denmark and Norway.

True or False?

False.

It was the state religion of Denmark and Sweden.

The official document that made the English monarch head of the Church of England was the Declaration of London.

True or False?

False.

The document was titled the Act of Supremacy.

After his break with Rome, Henry VIII went so far as to execute one of his closest advisors, _____, for refusing to recognize Henry as head of the English church.

A) Thomas Cranmer.

B) Thomas Wolsey

C) Thomas More

D) Thomas Cromwell

C) Thomas More

Following the death of Henry VIII, England experienced a brief and fanatical reversion to Catholicism during the reign of:

A) Edward VI

B) Mary I

C) Elizabeth I

D) Mary, Queen of Scots.

B) Mary I

Catholic internal criticism and efforts at reform came only after Protestants started winning converts from Catholicism.

True or False?

False.

They were critics and reform efforts throughout Catholic Church history.

Ignatius Loyola advocated:

A) sympathetic tolerance of Protestantism.

B) rejection of Church reform.

C) self-discipline and submission to Church authority.

D) all of these answers.

C) self-discipline and submission to Church authority.

In addition to the Jesuits, reformist Catholic orders founded in the 16th century included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the Capuchins, who followed St. Francis's ideals and appealed to ordinary people.

B) the Ursulines, who established convents in Italy and France to educate girls.

C) the Dominicans, who traveled about preaching the Church's mission and combating heresy.

D) the Theatines, founded to groom devout and reformist Church leaders.

C) the Dominicans, who traveled about preaching the Church's mission and combating heresy.

The reform efforts of the Council of Trent included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) new requirements for parish priests.

B) the relocation of bishops to local areas.

C) a few key doctrinal concessions to the reformers.

D) restrictions on the sale of church offices.

C) a few key doctrinal concessions to the reformers.

In 15th-century cities about one person in five was a member of the clergy.

True of False?

False.

Clergy made up to 6 to 8 percent of the urban population. 

By the end of the 16th century, more hand half of the original converts to Protestantism reverted to Catholicism.

True or False?

With regard to education and philosophy, Protestantism:

A) rejected humanism.

B) supported all humanistic positions.

C) replaced humanism with Protestant scholasticism.

D) generally endorsed humanism.

Protestants permitted clerical marriage.

True or False?

In the Protestant social order, the condition of women changed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) they obtained the right to divorce and remarry.

B) they were encouraged to get a basic education so they could read the Bible.

C) they were celebrated as coequal partners with their husbands in governing their households.

D) they gained the right to hold political office.

In the 16th century:

A) 20 percent of all men married three times or more.

B) 20 percent of women never married, and 15 percent were unmarried widows.

C) most women married when they were teenagers.

D) older women were more desirable wives because their mortality rates in first-time childbirth were lower.

B) 20 percent of women never married, and 15 percent were unmarried widows.

After Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain's rulers were hostile to the Catholic Church.

True or False?

False.

Rulers gave the Church unqualified support.

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems facing the Christian Church in the 16th century?

A) the Pope's status as a ruler of the Papal States.

B) its use of Latin in the mass and in the printed Bible.

C) an increasingly literate population.

D) its inability to tend to the physical needs of the poor.

E) its inability to tend to the emotional and spiritual needs of the population.

D) its inability to tend to the physical needs of the poor.

Which of the following was part of Luther's theology?

A) a belief in the need to create a Protestant Church.

B) the notion that nature could serve as a guide to salvation.

C) the idea that salvation came only through the grace of God.

D) the assertion that charitable works were necessary to go to heaven.

E) the belief that the poor should be given more social and political power.

C) the idea that salvation came only through the grace of God.

Which of the following was NOT a reason that a Protestant movement emerged?

A) the Society of Jesus took up Luther's cause

B) Luther enjoyed the protection of some powerful Protestant princes.

C) Luther's students used the printing press to spread Luther's theology

D) peasants saw Luther's theology as a justification for their dissatisfaction.

E) the Church was slow to excommunicate Luther and his followers.

A) the Society of Jesus took up Luther's cause

The Peace of Augsburg:

A) ended the war between the Church and the Protestant princes.

B) established Henry VIII's right to establish the Church of England.

C) established Geneva as the stronghold of Calvinism

D) unified the German principalities under the Holy Roman Empire.

E) established the principle of "he who rules; his religion"

E) established the principle of "he who rules; his religion"

The peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed by the German Princes that established the principle of "he who rules; his religion".

The theology of Calvin differs from Luther's in which of the following ways?

A) the belief that scripture alone is the guide to salvation.

B) the belief that salvation is earned by faith alone.

C) the belief that the church hierarchy is unwarranted and harmful.

D) the belief that some have been predestined for salvation.

E) the belief that the Bible should be printed in the vernacular.

D) the belief that some have been predestined for salvation.

The uprising and subsequent repression of the Anabaptists illustrates all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the poorer classes understood the teaching of Protestantism to mean that the existing social hierarchy should be overthrown.

B) the Catholic Church still had the power to crush its opposition.

C) property-owning Protestant reformers were not looking to reform the social order.

D) the poorer classes linked Protestant theology with millenarianism.

E) Protestantism was a movement that encompassed many different, and sometimes opposing, views.

B) the Catholic Church still had the power to crush its opposition.

The Council of Trent:

A) excommunicated Martin Luther.

B) established the Inquisition.

C) insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith.

D) reconciled Protestants and Catholics.

E) produced the Treaty of Augsburg.

C) insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith.

The term Dissenters:

A) refers to all Protestants who deny that good works can earn salvation.

B) refers to the Anabaptists.

C) refers to English Protestants.

D) refers to those who refused to sign the Peace of Augsburg.

E) refers to English Protestants who refused to join the Church of England.