geocentric universe with a series of spheres containing sun, moon, earth, planets and stars - God's realm is outside of these speres.

problems- planets seemed to move backwards, model was cluttered

however, could predict planetary position with some accuracy

Copernicus' summary of new planetary model, which challenged Ptolemaic System.

suggested a combined heliocentric and geocentric universe- moon and sun orbit the earth, and the other planets orbit the sun.

Heliocentric believer/Copernicus advocate.

Was determined to keep sun at center of the universe

The New Astronomy- summary of his findings

discovered stars, sunspots, mountains on the moon, and Jupiter's moons with his new Dutch telescope.

argued that new observational data required a Copernican view of the universe

dependant upon patronage- names mooons after the Medici

Sir Issac Newton

• Principia Mathematica: proposed idea of gravity and proved it mathematically
• stressed importance of empirical data/observations
• opposed rationalism

Mechanism

• image of a clock, God as the watchmaker

Francis Bacon

• Father of empiricism (the use of experimentation and observation from sensory evidence to construct scientific theories)
• believed human knowledge should produce useful results to improve human condition

• developed the Scientific Method, which relies on duduction, rather than emperical data
• Discourse on Method- rejected scholasitic philosophy and education, advocated thought based on mathematical model
• existance of God can be deduced
• "I think, thefore I am"

• State of Nature: Life of man is brutish, poor, nasty, and short; men tend to pursue pleasure over pain
• Property: exists because it is the will of the state
• Social contract w/govt- ruler defines good and bad
• Leviathan- man is materialistic and mechanical, all human motivations are egotistical, fulfill goals only within soveriegn commonwealth with no freedoms

• State of nature: born a blank slate, most people are good
• Property: he who farms the land owns the land
• Peace is the normal state
• Social contract w/govt: give up some rights in return for order, and essential liberties
• First Treatise of Government: rejects absolutism basing politcal power off of patriarch
• Second Treatise of Government: govt is responsible for concerns of people, natural state is one of equality, reason, and freedom, it is govts job to protect rights of the people
• Letter Concerning Toleration: defends religious toleration

• criticized men for experimenting and not solving problems of humankind
• Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
• Grounds of Natural Philosophy- both books were scientific books for women
• only woman in 17th century to visit the Royal Society of London

• worked with her husband
• discovered comet in 1702 but did not get credit until 1920
• denied of request to continue her work at the Berlin Academy of Science after her husband died.

• Council of Trent stated that only the Church could interpret the Bible
• Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina(1615)- published views on how scripture should be interpreted to accomodate new science
• In 1616, called to trial, and agreed not to advocate Copernican astronomy, but just suggest its theoretical possiblity
• Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems-basically breaks his promise to the Pope and defends new system
• Pope orders him to be condemned and is placed under house arrest

• leap of faith
• wager- believe in God because if He exists you will go to Heaven, if you don't you lose nothing
• Belief in God improves life psychologically and societys morality