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| The Brothers of the Common Life |
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lay religious movement in northern Europe, also known as the Modern Devotion Est. by Gerard Groote brother and sister houses spread throughout northern Europe. In these houses clerics and laity shared a common life of piety and practical religion Lay members were not expected to take religious vows or abandon secular jobs
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summarized the philosphy of the Modern Devotion in his book the Imitation of Christ book became the most popular religious book of the time. was a semimystical guide to the inner life, intended for monks and nuns
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Benefice System- permitted important posts to be sold to the highest bidders and left residency requirements in parishes unenforced (simony) Indulgences Pluralism-owning more than one office Concubinage- unmarried sex
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| Justification by Faith Alone |
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| Martin Luther's belief that that righteousness of God did not result from religious ceremonies and works, but from those who believe and trust in Jesus. |
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famous indulgence preacher who claimed that indulgences actually remitted sins and released the dead from punishments |
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posted on the door of the Castle Churhc in Wittenberg, on Oct. 31, 1517 were embraced by humanists and other reformists, and made Luther famous overnight protested the numerous church abuses, especially Tetzel's advertisement of indulgences
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Leo's papul bull which condemmed Luther for heresy and gave him 60 days to retract |
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Diet of Worms (April 1521) |
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Luther presented his views before the diet and was placed on imperial ban, and declared and outlaw. He was hidden in a secluded castle for a year.
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German peasantry wanted release from serfdom, and solicited Luther's support of their cause Luther, however, was not a social relolutionary, and did not suppor their revolt in 1524-25. He urged the princes to crush the revolt without mercy
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Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) |
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Leader of the Swiss Reformation strongly influenced by Erasmus Similar to Luther in his disdain for the sale of indulgences and and religious superistition first act was to petition for an end to clerical celibacy and for the right of all clergy to marry
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a failed attempt at united the Swiss and Germans in a mutual defense pact. Luther and Zwingli could not agree on Christ's presence in the eucharist Zwingli- only symbolic representation Luther- actual body Therefore, separate defense leagues formed
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| radical religous reform group who rejected infant baptism (only adult baptism) |
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the Anabaptist majority in Munster forced Lutherans and Catholics to either convert or leave. The city was blockaded and Munster transformed itself into an Old testament theocracy. protestant and catholic armies set out to crush the anabaptists
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| radical movement that believed the only religious authority was God's spirit, which spoke to every individual. |
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| radical protestants who advocated commonsense, rational, and ethical religion. They were the strongest opponents of Calvinism, and defended religious toleration |
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founded by John Calvin (1509-1564) the religious ideology that inspired or accompanied massive political resistance in France, the Netherlands, and Scotland calvinists believed in predestination, and that people should act externally how they believed internally
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| meeting of Protestant and Catholic representatives assembled to impose a settlement of the religious divisions. The diet ajourned with an order to all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism. |
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| Luthern league created in response to the Diet of Augsburg, which stated the Ausburg Confession, a moderate statement of Protestant beliefs |
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The Peace of Augsburg (sept. 1555) |
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an agreement that recognized "Cuius regio, eius religio" - the ruler of a land determines the religion of that land. |
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| the chief minister to King Henry VII who guided the royal opposition to Protestantism in England |
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Nicknamed "Defender of the faith" from Pope Leo X, he defended the seven sacraments against Luther and was eventually declared "the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England" by the Act of Supremacy |
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| one of Catherine's lady's in waiting who fell in love with Henry VIII. She married him after his marraige to Catherine was annuled. In 1536, she was executed for alleged treason and adultery. |
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| made Anne Boleyn's children legit heirs to the English throne. |
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| declared Henry VIII head of the English Church |
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Henry's Six Articles of 1539 |
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| Aimed at Protestants, these reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eurcharistic cup to the laity, declared celibacy, continued oral confession. |
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By Thomas Cramner set forth a moderate Protestant doctrine in England. taugh Justification by Faith, denied transubstantiation, and recognized only 2 sacraments
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The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) |
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organized by Ignatius of Loyola in the 1530's counter-reformation advocate, who aimed to gain back Protestants into the Catholic faith
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The council was made up of mainly Italians lower clergy and laity were not permitted to share in decision making most important reforms concerned internal church discipline. selling of church offices ended residency laws for clergy enforced 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, no cup for laity, clerical celibacy, purgatory, verneration of saints, and indulgences reaffirmed
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