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| In 1856, discovered a method that greatly decreased the time necessary for producing steel. |
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| Defined by Marx as the social class that owns the means of production in a capitalist society. The middle class- business owners and professionals. |
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| Transfer of cargo from one type of carrier to another- from ships to trains and trucks and vice versa. |
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| English political group. In 1838, created a People's Charter that outlined six specific reforms: universal manhood suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property qualifications for members of the House of Commons, and payment of salaries to members of the House of Commons. |
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| Written by Karl Marx in 1848. Outlined the Marxist conception of history: class struggle between those who own the means of production (borgeoisie, the ruling class) and those who work for a living (proletariat, the working class.) |
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| First pioneered in Belgium. Owned by many shareholders, large and small. Usually worked in collaboration with governments. |
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| The separation of women from the world outside the home and the creation of an insulated world of home, servants, children, and management of the family's social life. |
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| Middle-class children spent their time being educated, making them dependent on their parents for a longer period of time. This shift encouraged people to limit the number of children they had. Low birth rates combined with low death rates from improved hygiene and health created a fairly stable population level in most Western countries. |
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| American inventor; invented the lightbulb. |
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| Economic policy favored by Adam Smith; no government control over the economy. |
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| Skilled craftsmen in the Midlands and northern England. In 1812, physically attacked the machines that they believed threatened their livelihoods. Claimed to be led by the mythical General Ned Ludd. |
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| The most radical of the socialists; a German theorist who believed that the working classes should revolt. |
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| Completed in 1914. Gave Europeans another route to reach eastern Asia, and allowed the American navy to travel between the east and west coasts of the United States. |
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| Urban factory workers dependent on the factory owners for their livelihood. |
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| Second Industrial Revolution |
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| Took place in the second half of the 19th century. (1800s.) A significant increase in production spurred by new products and methods of manufacture. |
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| Wrote The Wealth of Nations, which advocated capitalism and the law of supply and demand, in 1776. |
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| An ideology which sought to combat the economic inequalities that industrialization had brought. |
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| Completed in 1869. Joint project of England and France that allowed both countries to more quickly reach their colonial posessions in Asia. |
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| Spanned the distance from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Made it possible to access the coal and iron resources in Siberia and also provided a transportation link between western Europe and eastern Asia. |
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| Tried to set up ideal communities based on political, social, and economic equality. Advocates of this ideology included Charles Fourier and Robert Owen. |
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| Written by Adam Smith in 1776. Advocated capitalism and the law of supply and demand. |
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