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| ultimate power of the state rests in the hand of the king. |
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| French theologian, argued in ‘politics drawn from the very words of holy scripture’ that god created kings. |
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| france is unstable, Louis takes throne as a child, chief minister is Richieliu. Called, “the just”…grumpy little boy…exiled mom. |
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| belief that god gave kings power to rule |
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| takes over for Louis XIII, considered world’s first prime minister. |
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| His goals both domestic and foreign |
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| consolidate monarchy, control nobles, control the Hapsburgs. |
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| Revering of Henry IV’s reforms |
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| well, edict of nantes gets revoked…I think ms. Lee made an error on this one… |
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| given power by Queen Anne of Austria, Italian, attempted to carry on Richelieu’s policies. Parlement of Paris does not like him and tries to oppose his tax. |
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nobles of the robe led first fronde which ended by compromise. Nobles of the sword led second fronde to overthrow the crown– wanted to secure their positions and increase their own power. However, nobles began to fight each other and rebellion was crushed.
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| royal officials in provinces who had to execute the orders of the central gov. often came into conflict with local governers. intendants were installed by cardinal richieleu |
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| Complete absolutist, ridiculous wealth, very determined to rule. |
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| Edict of Fontainebleau-why cancel the other edict? |
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| Louis XIV revoked Edict of Nantes, believed that the existence of a religious minority undermined power of king. Many skilled protestants migrate to England. |
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| Versailles and brown-nosing there |
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| Louis reduced powerful nobles to basically nothing. They were all obsessed with trying to hold Louis’ fork, and didn’t worry about policy. |
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| controlled general finances of France for Louis. Mercantilism! Increased both quantity and quality of French manufactured goods. But Louis, being a dam spend-thrift, spent all Colbert’s hard earned money in a flash – burden falls on peasants…again. |
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Four wars between 1667 and 1713 that led to 2 billion pounds of debt. First – invades Spanish Netherlands to north and France-Comté to the east. Dutch, England, and Sweden (triple alliance) force Louis to sue for peace. Second – goes east against Holy Roman Empire. Spain, holy roman empire, united provinces, Sweden, and England form League of Augsburg.
Third – france fights League of Augsburg for 8 years and is put into depression and famine. Treaty of Ryswick ends this war, Louis has to give up most of his gains.
Fourth – War of Spanish Succession. Peeps freak out that Louis will inherit spain. England, united provinces, habsburg Austria, and german states vs. spain and france. France + spain lose at Blenheim (John Churchill) and lose altogether.
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| 1713, ends war of spanish succession. confirms Philip V as ruler, initiating Spanish Bourbon dynasty, but thrones of france + spain had to remain separate. England is big winner – gets Gibralter and French possessions in America! Becomes big navy power! Netherlands, Milan, and naples go to Austria. |
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| gained additional territories in war of spanish succession and began to emerge as a power. Hohenzollern dynasty, inherit Rhine valley. Army!! |
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| Frederick William the Great Elector led Brandenburg-Prussia. Established General War Commissariat to levy taxes for army and oversee its growth and training. |
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| The Fredericks and Frederick Williams |
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| – made deal with Nobles – gave them full power over peasants, exempt taxation, and high ranks in army, in return for a ‘free hand in running the government.’ Mercantilism! Nobles happy, peasants oppressed. His son, Frederick III gains title of King! No longer just “Elector” |
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| 1699, comes as a result of an Ottoman – Austrian war. Austria as led by Leopold I, gained Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia establishing an Austrian Empire. |
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| Came into power in Russia after Ivan IV “the terrible.” Michael Romanov was chosen by the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) to be tsar in 1613 which created a dynasty that lasted until 1917. |
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| – peasants were incredibly oppressed in Russia, even under Peter the Great. Lots of land, not enough peasants, landed aristocrats managed to bind peasants to the land. |
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| a schism in the Russian Orthodox church created unsettling conditions. |
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| westernization! the entire class wrote an essay on this, so we know it. |
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| His manners and physical appearance |
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| 6 foot 9, crude humor, maverick kind of guy. Vicious punishments. |
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| fearless and fierce, created Russian navy, stressed military, increased rights of women, merit based nobility, nobles cut beards and change robes to look more western, gains warm water ports, oppressed peasants. |
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| Peter’s two year trip in disguise |
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| Peter took a trip to western Europe in disguise, so that he could learn western ways. He concluded that western European life was better and more advanced, and he desired to modernized Russia. |
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| Saint Petersburg-why did he want it |
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| “open a window to the West.” Built this capital near to the Baltic sea. Warm water ports! |
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| Problems with building Petertown |
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| cost the lives of thousands of peasants. |
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| Russia, Denmark, Poland, and Saxony vs. Sweden for control of Baltic sea. Sweden loses in 1721, leaving Russia as major Baltic power. Ended with Treaty of Nystad and Stockholm treaties in which Sweden lost all of its overseas holdings and ceased to be a major northern power. |
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| Vienna and the Ottoman Empire |
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| - Ottomans wanted to complete their conquest of the Balkans. Sultan Suleiman I the magnificent brought the Turks to Europe’s attention by seizing Belgrade and Hungary in 1526. Don’t get Vienna in 1529. Turkish fleet destroyed by Spanish at Lepanto. However, Ottomans have very effective gov. and military systems. Later, in 1683, Ottomans lay siege to Vienna but are then defeated by a new European coalition. Never again threat to Europe. |
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| Christian boys who had been taken from their parents, converted to Muslim faith, and subjected to rigid military discipline to form an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the Sultan of the ottoman empire. Master Chief! |
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| Poland has a virtually powerless king. The Sejm, or Polish diet, was a two-chamber assembly in which landowners completely dominated power. They elected the king. Eventually, the Sejm dissolved and gov. was reduced to virtual chaos. |
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| “Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.” William of Orange occupied most of the seven provinces of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. They wanted centralized gov. with themselves as hereditary monarchs. The States General which was an assembly of representatives from every province wanted a republic. Republic had control for most of the time, but in 1672, burdened with war against both France and England, William III of Orange was given power. After his death, republic took control again. Warfare was bad for Dutch, English shipping began to challenge Dutch trade and they began to experience an economic decline. |
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| In seventeenth century, Amsterdam is financial and commercial capital of Europe. Chief port for Dust West Indian and East Indian trading companies. Exchange Bank of Amsterdam played a role in financial center. Clean houses – Calvinist people. |
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| in general, pretty shitty rulers. have power in scotland and england. |
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| Puritans (their rise and their role) |
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| – Most of England’s gentry (well to do landowners) were Puritans. they formed a substantial part of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament, and held important positions as justices of peace and sheriffs. |
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| – James I believes that the divine right of kings comes from God. This alienates Parliament. They refuse to give him more money. Puritans are alientated by James’ religious policy. |
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| Charles I and his attitude towards Parliament – |
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| Charles I is pretty Catholic. Parliament passes Petition of Right which prohibited taxation without consent of parliament, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private homes, and declaration of martial law in peace time. Charles I accepts it but then decided simply not to meet with parliament. Parliament Angry! Eventually, because he has no money, Charles has to meet with parliament. They pass several limitations on royal authority (long parliament). Triennial Act specified that Parliament must meet at least once every three years regarless of king’s consent. King then tries to arrest radical parliament members, everyone flips. John Pym and fellow puritans lead the way to revolution. |
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| English Civil War (execution of Charles-yikes) |
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| Parliament creates New Model Army led by Puritans who are known as Independents. They captured Charles I. However, there was a split in parliament. Some of Parliament (Presbyterians) wanted to return king to power with a Presbyterian state church. The Independents want him gone. The army, comprised of Independents, marched on London and began negotiations with the King. King flees! Oliver Cromwell + army capture him, purge parliament to leave only the independents (this new parliament is then called rump parliament), tries Charles, and executes him. (beheaded) |
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| Everthing “sinful” closed down in England- |
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| Cromwell abolishes monarchy and house of lords. Catholic uprising in Ireland is crushed. Uprising in Scotland is also crushed. No dancing, no fun....Puritan lifestyle for everybody. |
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| basically becomes a military dictator. |
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| Minority group in English civil war that wanted freedom of speech, religious toleration, democratic republic, right to vote, women’s equality with men, gov. programs to care for the poor. Cromwell says no way josé |
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| this is the purged down parliament of only puritans that Cromwell creates. Tories vs. Whigs. Tories are old money, majority, and royalists. Whigs are middle class, minority, new, and like parliament more than king. However, Cromwell decides that he doesn’t rump parliament, and disperses it. Now no king and no parliament. |
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| army loyal to Cromwell. Comprised of independents. |
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| Once Charles II is invited back to England, this new parliament restored the Anglican church and passed laws forcing everyone to conform to the anglican church. Charles II is sympathetic towards catholics... |
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| the Restoration of the Monarchy |
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| Cromwell dies in 1658. They invite Charles II, the eldest son of the executed Charles I, back to England. |
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| an anti-catholic parliament passes this act saying that only Anglicans could hold military and civil office. |
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| Charles kinda liked catholics, and his brother James basically was a catholic. Once James II inherits throne, he starts to defy test act. England very grumpy, but they wait it out because James is an old man and all his daughters are protestants. But then, james has a son… |
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| Seven prominent English nobleman basically invite William of Orange, husband of James' daughter Mary, to invade England. James II and family flee to France, no blood is shed. |
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| confirmed as monarchs, but under strict regulations. Parliament must meet, freely elected Parliament (although the lower class could still be excluded…), bill of rights. |
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| Witnesses disorder and chaos of English civil war, believes that humans are naturally evil. Power of kings comes from people, not from god. Gov. has responsibility to protect people. People must obey. |
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| Hobbes' major work in which the king is constructed out of the people. Humans were evil in the state of nature and needed an absolute ruler to protect them. |
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| People are naturally good. Lived in glorious revolution. In his Social Contract, he wrote that gov. must protect certain liberties, specifically life, liberty, and property. If those aren’t protected, people have a right to revolt |
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| Locke believed that private property is a natural right of man, and gov. must protect this right. |
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| William of Orange was forced to sign this before he was given the throne. Enforced Parliamentary power and guaranteed their right to meet. |
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| painting style derived from critics of the High Renaissance. Conveyed a sense of suffering and a strong emotional atmosphere filled with anxiety and confusion. El Greco was the most famous mannerist painter and his most famous painting is the Laocoon. |
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| Bernini was a great Baroque architect and sculptor who completed St. Peter’s Basilica. Gentileschi was a female painter who realistically and dramatically painted Old Testament women. Both baroque. |
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| this style of art replaced mannerism. Very over the top. Detail, gold, religious etc. |
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| The most famous Dutch realist, Rembrandt painted portraits and other scenes that earned him lots of money. However, as he grew older he painted stranger things and lost public support. He's the one great Protestant painter of the 17th century. |
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| Dominated English theater. |
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| Spanish playwright who wrote his plays to please his audiences. Wrote fifteen hundred plays that were witty, charming, action-packed, and realistic!! |
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| – French dramatist who wrote from patronage of King Louis XIV. He wrote produced and acted a series of comedies that satirized the religious and social world of the time. His play, Tartuffe, got him into trouble with the Paris clergy, but he was protected by the king. |
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