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AP Envi Sci Ch. 16
N/A
32
Environmental Studies
Not Applicable
03/17/2010

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Cards

Term
Energy conservation
Definition
a decrease in energy used based primarily on reducing unnecessary waste of energy
Term
Energy efficiency
Definition
the measure of how much work we can get from each unit of energy we use
Term
4 widely used devices that waste large amounts of energy unnecessarily
Definition
- incandescent lightbulb
- a motor vehicle with an internal combustion engine
- a nuclear power plant
- a coal-fired power plant
Term
cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP)
Definition
2 forms of energy (like steam and electricity) are produced from the same fuel source. ex: the steam used could heat the plant or other nearby buildings
Term
How we can save energy and money
Definition
using cogeneration, or CHP systems; replace energy-wasting electric motors; recycle materials; switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting.
Term
passive solar heating system
Definition
absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a well-insulated structure without the need for pumps of fans to distribute the heat
Term
active solar heating system
Definition
absorbs energy from the sun by pumping a heat-absorbing fluid (like water or antifreeze solution) through special collectors usually mounted on a roof or on special racks to face the sun. some of the collected heatcan be used directly. The rest can be stored in a large insulated container filled with gravel, water, clay, or a heat-absorbing chemical for release as neded.
Term
Photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar cells
Definition
convert solar energy into electrical energy. most solar cells are thin wafers of purified silicon with trace amounts of metals that allow them to function as semiconductors to produce electricity. a typical solar cell has a thickness ranging from less than that of a human hair to a sheel of paper. when sinlight strikes these transparent cellls, they emit elections, and many cells wired together in a panel can produce electrical power.
Term
geothermal energy
Definition
heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the earth's matle. we can tap into this stored energy to heat and cool buildings and to produce electricy.
Term
super efficient and ultralight cars
Definition
cars that could eventually get 34-128 kpl; or 80-300 mgp
Term
hybrid car
Definition
energy efficient, gasoline-electric. invented by Feridand Porsche in 1900. it has a small traditional gasoline-powered motor and an electric motor used to provide the energy needed for acceleration and hill climbing.
Term
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
Definition
a hybrid with a second and more powerful battery that can be plugged into a standard outlet and recharded.
Term
energy-efficient diesel car
Definition
accounts for 45% of new passenger car sales in Europe
Term
fuel cell
Definition
are at least twice as efficient as internal combustion engines, have no mobing parts, require little maintenance, and use hydrogen gas as fuel to produce electricity without emitting CO2 and other air pollutants.
Term
green architecture
Definition
based on energy-efficient and money-saving designs, makes use of natural lighting, passive solar heating, geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling, cogeneration, solar hot water heaters, solar cells, fuel cells, natural ventilation, recycled building materials, energy-efficient appliances and lighting, cycled waste water, waterless urinals, conposting toilets, and nontoxic paints, blues, and building materials.
Term
Ways to retrofit buildings to save energy
Definition
insulate and plug leaks, use energy-efficient windows, stop other heating and cooling losses, heat houses more efficiently, heat water more efficiently, use energy-efficient appliances, use energy-efficient lighting
Term
rebound effect
Definition
some people might start using more energy if they save money by improving energy efficieny.
Term
solar thermal sysems
Definition
concentrate and transform energy from the sun into high-temperature thermal energy, which can then be used directly or to heat water and produce steam to generate electricity.
Term
heliostats
Definition
huge arrays of computer controlled mirrors that track the sun and focus sunlight on this central heat collection tower
Term
Hydropower
Definition
Water flowing from higher to lower elevations in rivers and can be controlled by dams and reservoirs and used to produce electricity. It is an indirect form of solar energy because it is based on the evaporation of water, which is deposited at higher elevations where it can to lower elevations in Rivers as part of the earth's solar powered water cycle.
Term
Micro-hydropower generators
Definition
May become an increasingly important way to produce electricity. It uses the power of flowing water water to turn a rotor with blades that feed up and he's got have generators to produce electric current.
Term
biofuels
Definition
biomass consists of plant materials and animals wastes that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels.
Term
Biomass
Definition
consists of plant materials and animals wastes that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted into gaseous or liquid biofuels. It is an indirect form of solar energy because it consists of combustible organic compounds prudced by photosynthesis. is burned mostly for heating and cooking, but also for industrial processes and for generating electricity
Term
district heating systems
Definition
supply nearly hald of the heat for residential and commercial buildings in Sweden.
Term
biodiesel
Definition
is prodiced from vegetable oil extracted from soybeans, rapeseeds, sunflowers, oilpalms, and jatropha shrubs, and fats such as used vegetable oils from restaurants
Term
ethanol
Definition
can be made through the fermentation and distillation of sugars in plants such as sugarcane, corn, and switchgrass, and from agricultural, forestry, and municipal wastes. This process involves converting starch in plant material to simple sugars that are fermented by yeast into a slurry that is distilled to remove its ethanol.
Term
gasohol
Definition
gasoline miixed with 10-23% pure ethanol, which can be burned in conventional gasoline engines.
Term
bagasse
Definition
a residue produced when sugarcane is crushed
Term
geothermal heat pump system
Definition
can heat and cool a house by ecploiting the temperature differences between the earth's surface and underground, almost anywhere in the world at a depth of 3-6 meters. in winter, a closed loop of buried pipes circulates a fluid, which extracts heat from the grounf and carries it to a heat pump, which transfers the heat to a home's heat distribution system. in the summer, the system works in revers, removing heat from a home's interior and storing it in the ground.
Term
hydrothermal reservoirs
Definition
wells are drilled into these reservoirs to extract their dry steam, wet steam, or hot water, which are used to heat buildings, provide awuaclture ponds, and spin turbines to produce electricity. cool water left over can be pumped back into the reservoirs to be reheated.
Term
supply-side of hard-path approach
Definition
fossil fuel and nuclear power interests generally favor this. it is built around scouring a country tp find more nonrenewable oil, natural gas, and coal, and building more energy-wasting coal-burning and nuclear power plants.
Term
demand-side or soft-path approach
Definition
many environmental scientists and economists favor this. this emphasizes reducing energy waste and depending more on a mix of renewable resources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. proponents see this energy path as more sustainable than relying on nonrenewable fossil energy and nuclear energy resources
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