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| repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. |
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| deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series |
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TERMS TO KNOW
anadiplosis |
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| repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause |
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TERMS TO KNOW
epanalepsis |
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| repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause |
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| repetition of words derived from the same root |
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TERMS TO KNOW
periodic sentence |
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| A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This endependent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. |
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TERMS TO KNOW
loose sentence |
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| A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. |
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comparing two things without using like or as
the world is one big melting pot
lol |
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| I don't know how to define this, but I think you know what it means. I'll try to come back and fix it, but who knows! |
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| deliberate use of an understatement. |
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| deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises |
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| a form of syllogism in which one of the premises is omitted and and assumed to be understood by the audience |
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Terms to Know
Inductive Reasoning |
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| Making a generalization from specific cases; used to formulate a general rule after examining a pattern. |
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Deductive Reasoning |
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| The process of reasoning logically from given statements to a conclusion Context: The Pythagorean Theorem was proved using deductive reasoning. |
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| Ethos is appeal based on the character of the speaker. An ethos-driven document relies on the reputation of the author. |
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| Pathos is appeal based on emotion. Advertisements tend to be pathos-driven. |
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| Logos is appeal based on logic or reason. Documents distributed by companies or corporations are logos-driven. Scholarly documents are also often logos-driven. |
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Terms to Know
Ad hominem fallacy |
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| attacking your opponent personally rather than her/his argument. |
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Terms to Know
Hasty Generalization |
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| speaker does not have enough evidence to support the broad conclusions drawn. look for words like always, never, and everyone. |
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Terms to Know
Either/or fallacy |
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occurs when a speaker makes a claim that presents an artificial range of choices.
For instance, he may suggest that there are only two choices possible, when three or more really exist. Those who use an either/or fallacy try to force their audience to accept a conclusion by presenting only two possible options, one of which is clearly more desirable. |
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Non sequitur |
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an idea which does not follow
obvious i think, right? idkidkikd |
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Terms to Know
post hoc, ergo propter hoc |
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"after this, therefore because of this", is a logical fallacy which states, "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one." The fallacy lies in coming to a conclusion based solely on the order of events, rather than taking into account other factors that might rule out the connection. Most familiarly, many superstitious beliefs and magical thinking arise from this fallacy.
EX: "I can't help but think that you are the cause of this problem; we never had any problem with the furnace until you moved into the apartment." The manager of the apartment house, on no stated grounds other than the temporal priority of the new tenant's occupancy, has assumed that the tenant's presence has some causal relationship to the furnace's becoming faulty. |
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| information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause |
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| fallacy....everybody's doing something, therefore you should too. |
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Terms to Know
Parallel Structure |
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| the repeating of phrases and sentences that are syntactically similar |
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| The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. When repetition is poorly done, it bores, but when it's when done, it links and emphasizes ideas while allowing the reader the comfort of recognizing something familiar. |
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Terms to Know
Rhetorical Question |
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| askng a question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely |
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Terms to Know
Rhetorical Fragment |
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| using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy') |
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| Figure of speech where the second half of a phrase reverses the order of the first half eg Samuel Johnson's "For we that live to please, must please to live." |
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Terms to Know
Inverted Order |
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Terms to Know
Antimetabole |
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| In rhetoric, antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in reverse grammatical order (ex: "I know what I like, and like what I know"). It is similar to chiasmus although chiasmus does not use repetition of the same words or phrases. |
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| Substituting one part of speech for another. For instance, using a noun as a verb, ie, "She flowered toward the sun. " |
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Diction Terms
Monosyllabic |
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Diction Terms
Polysyllabic |
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| the exact meaning of a word, without the feelings or suggestions that the word may imply. It is the opposite of “connotation” in that it is the “dictionary” meaning of a word, without attached feelings or associations. |
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| an association that comes along with a particular word. Connotations relate not to a word's actual meaning, or denotation, but rather to the ideas or qualities that are implied by that word. A good example is the word "gold." The denotation of gold is a malleable, ductile, yellow element. The connotations, however, are the ideas associated with gold, such as greed, luxury, or avarice. |
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| loud and noisy; not pleasing to the ear. |
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| from the greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. |
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| comparing two things with like or as |
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MORE R & A TERMS
hyperbole |
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MORE R & A TERMS
Apostrophe |
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| A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shoudldst be living at this hour: England hath need thee." |
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MORE R & A TERMS
antithesis |
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exact opposite of
(not sure if this has to do with structure, though) |
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| a statement that contradicts itself; "`I always lie' is a paradox because if it is true it must be false" |
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| pretty ugly, jumbo shirmp |
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| human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, or other methods, ideally with an intent to bring about improvement |
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wo elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other
For example in the phrase "my friend Alice" the name "Alice" is in apposition to "my friend". |
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| a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident |
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| substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener |
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| representation conveying a meaning other than the literal. |
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| An extended simile elaborated in great detail. Also called Homeric simile . |
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| punishments used in datnes inferno |
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| rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri |
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| specific part is used to represent the whole or vice versa |
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| substitution of a word for another with which it is associated |
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| purging of emotions. People are led to an emotional mean, a balance of emotions |
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| The part of a play that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the action. |
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| an event that introduces the reader to the conflict |
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| complication/rising action |
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| event that builds toward the climax |
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| anagnorisis - crisis scene |
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| change from ignorance to knowledge. a character gains insight into the truth and accepts responsibility |
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| from good to bad. bad is better because it causes more pity and fear |
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| a usually recurring salient thematic element, a dominant idea or central theme |
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