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| A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. |
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| The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. |
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| Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. |
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1621-1794.
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. |
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| In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. |
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| A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. |
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| An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. |
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| A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. |
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| A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. |
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| The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. |
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| European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. |
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| The network of trading routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. |
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| The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. |
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| A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the 16th century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. |
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| An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Caliphate conquered them in the early 19th century. |
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| A powerful West African kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the 9th century to the end of the 19th. |
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