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| A life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon; also known as semelparity. |
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| The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K. |
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| Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches. |
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| A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead. |
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| A shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high to zero population growth characterized instead by low birth and death rates. |
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| The study of statistics relating to births and deaths in populations. |
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| The number of individuals per unit area or volume. |
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| Referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density. |
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| Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density. |
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| The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries. |
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| The actual resource base of a country. |
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| A method to use multiple constraints to estimate the human carrying capacity of Earth by calculating the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories that is appropriated by a nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates. |
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Definition
| The movement of individuals out of a population. |
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Term
| exponential population growth |
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Definition
| The geometric increase of a population as it grows in an ideal, unlimited environment. |
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| The influx of new individuals from other areas. |
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| The number of infant deaths per 1, 000 live births. |
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Definition
| A life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction. |
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Definition
| The concept that in certain (K-selected) populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival. |
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Definition
| The predicted average length of life at birth. |
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| The series of events from birth through reproduction and death. |
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| A table of data summarizing mortality in a population. |
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Term
| logistic population growth |
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Definition
| A model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity. |
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| A sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations. |
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| A subdivided population of a single species. |
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Definition
| A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring). |
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Definition
| The study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in population size. |
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Definition
| The study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size. |
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Definition
| Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way. |
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| A life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years; also known as iteroparity. |
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Definition
| An age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population. |
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Definition
| The concept that in certain (r-selected) populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinant of life history. |
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Definition
| A life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon; also known as big-bang reproduction. |
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Definition
| A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality. |
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Definition
| A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species. Territory defense may involve direct aggression or indirect mechanisms such as scent marking or singing. |
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Definition
| Describing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are evenly distributed. |
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Term
| zero population growth (ZPG) |
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Definition
| A period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal. |
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Definition
| The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators. |
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| A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators. |
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Definition
| A technique for restoring eutrophic lakes that reduces populations of algae by manipulating the higher-level consumers in the community rather than by changing nutrient levels or adding chemical treatments. |
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| The dry weight of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat. |
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| A model of community organization in which mineral nutrients control community organization because nutrients control plant numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers. |
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| The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species. |
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Definition
| The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species. |
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Definition
| The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other’s adaptations. |
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Definition
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed. |
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Definition
| All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction. |
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Definition
| The concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population. |
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Definition
| Camouflage, making potential prey difficult to spot against its background. |
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Definition
A force that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms
from it. Disturbances, such as fire and storms, play pivotal roles in structuring many biological communities. |
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Definition
| Those species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass. These species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species. |
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